What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence?

Applications and use cases for Artificial Intelligence

Cloud

Learning

<h2 id="What-is-Artificial-Intelligence?">What is Artificial Intelligence?</h2>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to create machines capable of mimicking human intelligence. This doesn't necessarily mean replicating our brains. Instead, it's about creating systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such as understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, solving problems, and making decisions.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/32038d4d-5d68-446b-b0a5-4e3c4e27cb70.jpg" alt="what is ai"><h2 id="How-does-AI-work?">How does AI work?</h2>Artificial Intelligence works by simulating human intelligence processes in machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. Here's a simplified explanation of how AI works:<ul><li>Learning: This is the acquisition of information and rules for using the information. In AI, this is often done through a process called machine learning, where algorithms are used to help a machine learn from data. The machine gets better at performing tasks as it is exposed to more data.</li><li>Reasoning: This is the process of drawing conclusions from the information. AI systems use rules and logic to make decisions and solve problems. For example, an AI might use reasoning to play a game of chess, deciding which move to make based on the current state of the game.</li><li>Problem-Solving: This involves applying information to handle new, complex, or unforeseen situations. AI can use algorithms to solve problems and make decisions. For example, an AI might solve a complex math problem or decide the best route for a self-driving car to take.</li><li>Perception: AI systems can perceive the world around them using sensors and data. For example, a self-driving car might use cameras and sensors to perceive other cars, pedestrians, and the road.</li><li>Language Understanding: AI systems can understand and generate human language using Natural Language Processing (NLP). This allows AI to interact with humans in a more natural and intuitive way. For example, AI-powered virtual assistants like Siri or Alexa use NLP to understand and respond to voice commands.</li></ul>AI systems often use a subset of AI called machine learning, where a model learns to perform tasks based on exposure to data. A more advanced form of machine learning, called deep learning, uses neural networks with many layers (hence the term "deep") to make even more sophisticated decisions.<h2 id="Types-of-Artificial-Intelligence">Types of Artificial Intelligence</h2>Artificial Intelligence can be categorized into four types based on its capabilities and functionalities. Here are the four types:<ol><li>Reactive Machines: This is the most basic stage of AI. These machines do not have the ability to form memories or use past experiences to inform current decisions. They react to inputs with pre-programmed responses. A prime example is IBM's Deep Blue, the chess-playing AI that beat world champion Garry Kasparov.</li><li>Limited Memory: At this stage, AI systems can learn from historical data and make decisions based on it. They can observe and store data for a limited amount of time and use this information to improve their responses. Self-driving cars, which use sensors to observe and react to their surroundings, are an example of this type of AI.</li><li>Theory of Mind: This stage is currently theoretical and represents a future we have not yet achieved. AI systems at this level would be capable of understanding that others have thoughts and emotions and can interact socially. They would be able to understand and respond to emotions, and potentially have their own.</li><li>Self-Awareness: This is the final stage of AI development, where AI systems would not only understand and evoke emotions in others, but also have their own consciousness. They would be self-aware, understanding their internal states, and be able to predict the feelings of others. This type of AI is purely speculative and does not currently exist.</li></ol><h2 id="What-are-the-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Artificial-Intelligence?">What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence?</h2>Advantages of AI:<ul><li>Efficiency and Productivity: AI can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for humans to focus on more complex problems. This can lead to significant increases in efficiency and productivity.</li><li>Availability: AI systems can be available 24/7, providing constant service when human intervention isn't possible or practical.</li><li>Reducing Errors: AI can help reduce errors in fields like healthcare or aviation, where precision is critical. For example, AI can assist in accurate disease diagnosis or flight operations.</li><li>Data Analysis: AI can quickly process and interpret large amounts of data, providing valuable insights and predictions.</li><li>Hazardous Exploration: AI can be used in dangerous environments, reducing human risk. For example, it can be used in deep-sea exploration, space missions, or in handling hazardous materials.</li></ul>Disadvantages of AI:<ul><li>Job Displacement: As AI automates tasks, there's a risk of job displacement in certain sectors. While AI may create new jobs, there's concern about the potential social and economic impact of job losses.</li><li>High Costs: Developing, implementing, and maintaining AI systems can be expensive. Additionally, as AI continues to evolve, systems may need regular updates or replacements.</li><li>Lack of Emotional Intelligence: While AI can mimic human intelligence, it lacks emotional intelligence. It can't understand human emotions or respond to situations in the same way a human would.</li><li>Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on AI could lead to a lack of human decision-making skills and increased dependence on technology.</li><li>Ethical Concerns: AI can raise ethical issues, such as privacy concerns with data handling, or issues around AI decision-making in critical areas like healthcare or autonomous vehicles.</li><li>Security Risks: AI systems could be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, which could lead to data breaches or misuse of AI.</li></ul>The advantages and disadvantages of AI highlight the need for careful implementation and regulation to maximize benefits and minimize potential harm.<h2 id="Applications-and-use-cases-for-Artificial-Intelligence">Applications and use cases for Artificial Intelligence</h2>Artificial Intelligence has a wide range of applications across various fields. Here are some of the most prominent use cases:<ul><li>Healthcare: AI is used for predicting disease outbreaks, assisting in diagnosis, personalizing treatment plans, and even in drug discovery. AI-powered robots can assist in surgeries, and chatbots can provide mental health support.</li><li>Finance: AI is used for fraud detection, credit scoring, algorithmic trading, and managing investments. It can also assist in customer service through chatbots.</li><li>Retail: AI can personalize the shopping experience by recommending products based on a customer's browsing and purchasing history. It's also used in inventory management, pricing, and logistics.</li><li>Transportation: Self-driving cars are one of the most well-known applications of AI. AI is also used in traffic management, route planning, and logistics.</li><li>Education: AI can personalize learning by adapting to a student's learning style. It can also automate administrative tasks, like grading and scheduling.</li><li>Marketing: AI can analyze consumer behavior and search patterns, using data from social media platforms and blog posts to help businesses understand how consumers find their products and services.</li><li>Cybersecurity: AI can help detect anomalies and patterns that could indicate cyber threats, respond to incidents, and even predict where future attacks could come from.</li></ul>These are just a few examples. The potential applications for AI are vast and continue to grow as the technology evolves.<h2 id="Conclusion" style="margin-left:auto;">Conclusion</h2>There are many AI usage in <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a>, for example you can use the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">smart AI engine</a> and bot policy engine to analyze the behaviors of web, bot, and CC attacks and update attack blocking policies. This helps prevent malicious requests from reaching your origin servers and guarantee a smooth and stable access to your business.Take advantage of our exclusive offer: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">a free first-month trial</a>. Welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

What are the Key Functions of a DNS Proxy?

Integrating DNS Proxy with Tencent EdgeOne

In the ever-evolving landscape of the internet, the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/dns">Domain Name System (DNS)</a> plays a crucial role in translating human-readable domain names into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network. However, as the complexity and scale of the internet grow, so do the challenges associated with managing DNS traffic. This is where a DNS proxy comes into play. But what exactly is a DNS proxy, and why is it important? Let's dive in.<h2 id="What-is-a-DNS-Proxy?">What is a DNS Proxy?</h2>Before we delve into DNS proxies, it's essential to understand the basics of DNS. DNS is often referred to as the "phonebook of the internet." When you type a domain name like "www.example.com" into your web browser, DNS servers translate this domain name into an IP address, such as "192.0.2.1," which your computer can use to locate and communicate with the web server hosting the website.A DNS proxy acts as an intermediary between a client (such as your computer or smartphone) and a <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/dns-server">DNS server</a>. Instead of the client directly querying the DNS server, the DNS proxy intercepts the request, processes it, and then forwards it to the appropriate DNS server. The DNS proxy then receives the response from the DNS server and sends it back to the client.<h2 id="What-are-the-Key-Functions-of-a-DNS-Proxy?">What are the Key Functions of a DNS Proxy?</h2><ul><li>Caching: One of the primary functions of a DNS proxy is to cache DNS responses. When a client requests a domain name, the DNS proxy can store the response in its cache. If another client requests the same domain name, the proxy can provide the cached response, reducing the need to query the DNS server again. This can significantly improve response times and reduce the load on DNS servers.</li><li>Filtering and Security: DNS proxies can be configured to filter out malicious or unwanted domains. For example, they can block access to known phishing sites, malware domains, or adult content. This adds an extra layer of security and helps protect users from online threats.</li><li>Load Balancing: In environments with high DNS traffic, a DNS proxy can distribute the load across multiple DNS servers. This ensures that no single server becomes a bottleneck, improving overall performance and reliability.</li><li>Logging and Monitoring: DNS proxies can log DNS queries and responses, providing valuable insights into network activity. This can be useful for troubleshooting, auditing, and ensuring compliance with organizational policies.</li></ul><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:100%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/2951cc03-2dbc-481b-8cda-6aed3edd4159.svg" alt="Key Functions of a DNS Proxy.svg"></figure><h2 id="How-Does-a-DNS-Proxy-Work?">How Does a DNS Proxy Work?</h2>When a client makes a DNS request, the DNS proxy intercepts the request and checks its cache to see if it has a stored response. If the response is found in the cache, the proxy returns it to the client, saving time and reducing network traffic.If the response is not in the cache, the DNS proxy forwards the request to an upstream DNS server. Once the proxy receives the response from the DNS server, it stores the response in its cache for future use and sends it back to the client.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:100%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/f55c2d7b-0529-439c-9c3f-f1ec350d189b.svg" alt="DNS Proxy Workflow Diagram.svg"></figure><h2 id="Benefits-of-Using-a-DNS-Proxy">Benefits of Using a DNS Proxy</h2><ul><li>Improved Performance: By caching DNS responses, a DNS proxy can reduce the time it takes to resolve domain names, leading to faster web browsing and application performance.</li><li>Enhanced Security: DNS proxies can block access to malicious domains, protecting users from phishing attacks, malware, and other online threats.</li><li>Reduced Load on DNS Servers: By caching responses and distributing queries across multiple servers, DNS proxies can reduce the load on DNS servers, improving their performance and reliability.</li><li>Better Network Management: DNS proxies provide valuable logging and monitoring capabilities, helping network administrators manage and troubleshoot DNS-related issues more effectively.</li></ul><figure class="image image_resized" style="width:100%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/3a11cd93-ae5e-4d22-be61-24f42b4ec490.svg" alt="Benefits of Using a DNS Proxy.svg"></figure><h2 id="Use-Cases-for-DNS-Proxies">Use Cases for DNS Proxies</h2>DNS proxies, also known as DNS forwarders, are intermediary servers that sit between client devices and DNS servers. They handle DNS queries on behalf of clients and can provide several benefits, including improved performance, security, and control. Here are some use cases for DNS proxies:<ol><li>Caching and performance improvement: DNS proxies can cache DNS query results, reducing the time it takes to resolve subsequent requests for the same domain. This can lead to faster browsing experiences for users and decreased load on upstream DNS servers.</li><li>Access control and content filtering: DNS proxies can be configured to block access to specific websites or categories of websites (e.g., adult content, gambling, or social media). This can be useful for organizations that want to enforce acceptable use policies or for parents who wish to restrict their children's internet access.</li><li>Security and threat prevention: DNS proxies can help protect against various DNS-related threats, such as cache poisoning, DDoS attacks, and phishing. By filtering out malicious domains and redirecting users to safe sites, DNS proxies can reduce the risk of malware infections and data breaches.</li><li>Load balancing and redundancy: DNS proxies can distribute DNS queries across multiple upstream DNS servers, ensuring that no single server becomes a bottleneck. This can improve overall performance and provide redundancy in case one of the DNS servers becomes unavailable.</li><li>Privacy and anonymity: By forwarding DNS queries through a proxy, users can hide their IP addresses from the destination DNS server. This can help protect user privacy and prevent tracking by third parties.</li><li>Geolocation and geo-blocking circumvention: DNS proxies can be used to bypass geolocation restrictions imposed by certain websites or services. By forwarding DNS queries through a proxy server located in a different country, users can access content that would otherwise be unavailable in their region.</li><li>Monitoring and logging: DNS proxies can log DNS queries, providing valuable information about user activity and network usage. This data can be used for network troubleshooting, security auditing, and usage analytics.</li><li>Custom DNS configurations: DNS proxies can be used to implement custom DNS configurations, such as using alternative DNS providers or implementing split-horizon DNS for internal and external queries. This can provide greater flexibility and control over how DNS queries are resolved.</li></ol><h2 id="DNS-Proxy-vs-VPN">DNS Proxy vs VPN</h2>DNS Proxy and VPN (Virtual Private Network) are two different technologies that serve different purposes, although they can sometimes be used together to achieve specific goals. Here's a comparison of DNS Proxy and VPN:<h3>Purpose</h3><ul><li>DNS Proxy: A DNS Proxy primarily focuses on handling and forwarding DNS queries on behalf of clients. It can be used for improving performance, access control, content filtering, and bypassing geo-restrictions.</li><li>VPN: A VPN is designed to create a secure, encrypted tunnel between a user's device and a VPN server. It allows users to access the internet securely, maintain privacy, and bypass network restrictions or censorship.</li></ul><h3>Encryption and Security</h3><ul><li>DNS Proxy: A DNS Proxy does not encrypt the user's internet traffic by default. It only handles DNS queries, leaving other data transmissions unprotected. This means that while it can help bypass geo-restrictions, it doesn't provide the same level of security and privacy as a VPN.</li><li>VPN: A VPN encrypts all data transmitted between the user's device and the VPN server, providing a high level of security and privacy. This encryption prevents third parties, such as hackers and ISPs, from monitoring or intercepting the user's internet activities.</li></ul><h3>Performance</h3><ul><li>DNS Proxy: Since a DNS Proxy only handles DNS queries and does not encrypt the user's traffic, it typically has a lower impact on performance compared to a VPN. This can result in faster browsing and streaming experiences.</li><li>VPN: Due to the encryption and additional processing required, using a VPN can sometimes result in slower internet speeds, especially if the VPN server is located far away from the user's location.</li></ul>Configuration<ul><li>DNS Proxy: Configuring a DNS Proxy usually involves changing the DNS settings on the user's device or network router. This can be a relatively simple process, depending on the device and DNS Proxy service being used.</li><li>VPN: Setting up a VPN typically requires installing a VPN client or app and configuring it with the user's VPN account credentials. This can be more complex than setting up a DNS Proxy, but many VPN providers offer user-friendly apps that simplify the process.</li></ul>In summary, a DNS Proxy is useful for handling DNS queries, bypassing geo-restrictions, and implementing content filtering, while a VPN offers secure, encrypted connections for enhanced privacy and security. Depending on the user's needs, one or both technologies can be employed to achieve the desired outcomes.<h2 id="Integrating-DNS-Proxy-with-Tencent-EdgeOne">Integrating DNS Proxy with Tencent EdgeOne</h2>Tencent EdgeOne is a comprehensive edge computing platform that offers a suite of services designed to enhance the performance, security, and reliability of Internet applications. Integrating a DNS proxy with Tencent EdgeOne can provide additional benefits and capabilities.<ul><li>Enhanced Performance with EdgeOne</li></ul>Tencent EdgeOne leverages a global network of edge nodes to deliver content and services closer to end-users. By integrating a DNS proxy with EdgeOne, you can further optimize DNS resolution times. The DNS proxy can cache responses at the edge nodes, ensuring that DNS queries are resolved quickly and efficiently, even during peak traffic periods.<ul><li>Advanced Security Features</li></ul>EdgeOne provides robust security features, including <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/ddos">DDoS</a> protection, web application firewall (<a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/waf">WAF</a>), and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/bot-attack">bot</a> management. When combined with a DNS proxy, these features can be extended to DNS traffic. The DNS proxy can filter out malicious domains and prevent DNS-based attacks, while EdgeOne's security services provide additional layers of protection.<ul><li>Intelligent Load Balancing</li></ul>EdgeOne's intelligent load-balancing capabilities can be enhanced with a DNS proxy. The proxy can distribute DNS queries across multiple edge nodes, ensuring that no single node becomes a bottleneck. This improves the overall reliability and performance of DNS resolution.<ul><li>Comprehensive Monitoring and Analytics</li></ul>Tencent EdgeOne offers detailed monitoring and analytics tools that provide insights into traffic patterns, performance metrics, and security events. By integrating a DNS proxy, you can gain additional visibility into DNS traffic. The proxy's logging and monitoring capabilities can be combined with EdgeOne's analytics to provide a comprehensive view of network activity.<ul><li>Seamless Integration</li></ul>Integrating a DNS proxy with Tencent EdgeOne is straightforward. EdgeOne's flexible architecture allows you to deploy and manage DNS proxies alongside other edge services. This seamless integration ensures that you can take full advantage of both the DNS proxy's capabilities and EdgeOne's advanced features.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:59.06%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/05a1c1fb-a78c-450d-9f97-bd59f5bd07cf.svg" alt="Integrating DNS Proxy with Tencent Cloud EdgeOne.svg"></figure><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2>A DNS proxy is a powerful tool that can enhance the performance, security, and manageability of DNS traffic. By caching responses, filtering malicious domains, and distributing load, DNS proxies play a vital role in ensuring a smooth and secure internet experience. Integrating a DNS proxy with Tencent EdgeOne can provide additional benefits, including improved performance, advanced security, intelligent load balancing, and comprehensive monitoring. Whether you're managing a large enterprise network or simply looking to improve your home internet connection, understanding and utilizing DNS proxies, especially in conjunction with platforms like Tencent EdgeOne, can provide significant benefits.To help you get started, Tencent EdgeOne offers a first-month free trial. This allows you to experience the full range of features and benefits without any initial cost. For more details on pricing after the trial period, please visit the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">pricing page</a>.You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is a DNS Proxy and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a DNS Proxy?

Attack

<h2 id="What-are-Magecart-Attacks?">What are Magecart Attacks?</h2>Magecart is a term used to describe a consortium of various hacker groups that specialize in cyberattacks involving the theft of credit card data from online shopping websites. The name "Magecart" originates from the initial attacks that were primarily targeted at Magento shopping carts.These groups carry out what's known as "digital skimming" or "e-skimming" attacks. They inject malicious JavaScript code into the websites of online retailers. This code then skims or scrapes credit card information from unsuspecting customers as they enter their details on the checkout pages. The stolen data is then sent to a server controlled by the attackers, where it can be sold on the dark web or used for fraudulent transactions.Over the past few years, Magecart attacks have been on the rise, with several high-profile data breaches making the news. The impact of these attacks can be devastating, leading to financial losses, damage to brand reputation, and potential regulatory fines for non-compliance with data protection laws.<span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">The stealthy nature of Magecart attacks makes them particularly challenging to detect and prevent. The malicious code used in these attacks is often obfuscated and designed to blend in with the legitimate code of the website, making it difficult to spot without a thorough security review. Furthermore, because the code is executed on the client's browser, traditional server-side security measures are often ineffective at preventing these attacks.<h2 id="How-does-Magecart-Work?">How does Magecart Work?</h2><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">Magecart attacks typically involve compromising a website's third-party scripts or plugins, which are commonly used to enhance website functionality. The attackers exploit vulnerabilities in these scripts to inject their malicious code. When a customer visits an infected website and enters their payment card details, the Magecart code captures the information and sends it to the attackers' servers.<span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">The principle of Magecart attacks include:<ol><li>Identify the target: Attackers select target e-commerce websites that handle a large volume of payment card transactions and may have security vulnerabilities.</li><li>Inject malicious code: Attackers search for vulnerabilities in the target website, such as unpatched software vulnerabilities, weak passwords, or insecure third-party plugins. Once vulnerabilities are found, attackers exploit them to inject malicious code.</li><li>Methods of code injection:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Attack third-party scripts or plugins: Magecart attackers identify third-party scripts or plugins used by the target website and exploit vulnerabilities in these scripts or plugins to inject malicious code. These third-party scripts or plugins are often used to enhance website functionality, such as shopping carts or payment processing.</li><li>Attack the website backend: Attackers may exploit vulnerabilities in the website backend, such as unpatched software vulnerabilities or weak passwords, to gain control over the website and inject malicious code.</li></ul></li><li>Intercept payment card information: Once the malicious code is injected into the target website, it monitors the payment card information entered by users during the checkout process. This information includes card numbers, expiration dates, CVV codes, etc.</li><li>Data transmission: The malicious code sends the intercepted payment card information to servers controlled by the attackers. These servers are often located in anonymous network environments, such as the dark web, making it difficult to trace the attackers.</li><li>Abuse of stolen data: Attackers can exploit the stolen payment card information for various fraudulent activities, including selling the information on the black market, creating counterfeit cards for illegal transactions, or engaging in identity theft.</li></ol>Characteristics of Magecart attacks include:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Stealthiness: Magecart attacks are typically stealthy, making it difficult for users to detect that their payment card information has been stolen.</li><li>Real-time interception: Magecart attacks intercept payment card information in real-time as users enter it, allowing attackers to capture the information immediately.</li><li>Supply chain attacks: Attackers not only directly target e-commerce websites but also target third-party service providers or suppliers that are used by multiple websites, expanding the attack surface.</li></ul>To prevent Magecart attacks, e-commerce websites should implement various security measures, including regularly updating and patching vulnerabilities, implementing secure coding practices, monitoring website activities, using secure payment gateways and encryption technologies, etc. Additionally, educating and training employees and users on how to recognize and prevent Magecart attacks is crucial.<h2 id="What-is-the-Impact-of-Magecart?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is the Impact of Magecart?</h2>The impacts of Magecart attacks can be quite severe, including the following aspects:<ul><li>Financial Loss: Stolen credit card information can be used for fraudulent transactions, leading to financial losses for consumers and businesses. Additionally, businesses may also have to bear the costs associated with cleanup, investigation, and remediation following a data breach.</li><li>Brand and Reputation Damage: Data breach incidents can damage a company's reputation, leading to a decrease in consumer trust. This could result in customer churn and increased costs for acquiring new customers.</li><li>Regulatory Compliance Issues: In many regions, businesses are legally obligated to protect consumers' personal information. A data breach could result in a company violating these regulations, such as the GDPR in Europe or the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the U.S., potentially facing significant fines.</li><li>Operational Disruption: In some cases, businesses may need to temporarily shut down their website for cleanup and remediation, leading to operational disruption and loss of revenue.</li><li>Risk to Customer Personal Information: For consumers, their personal and financial information may be stolen, which could lead to identity theft and other forms of fraud.</li></ul>Therefore, any online business must prevent Magecart and other forms of cyber attacks.<h3>Magecart and ECommerce</h3>Magecart is a term used to describe several cybercriminal groups that specialize in cyber attacks involving digital credit card theft. These groups typically use malicious JavaScript code to steal payment information from online shoppers at checkout.Magecart attacks have a significant impact on eCommerce businesses. These attacks not only result in financial losses due to fraud but also damage the reputation of the affected businesses. Customers may lose trust in the security of the website and choose to shop elsewhere.The Magecart attacks are typically carried out through a method known as digital skimming or e-skimming. This involves injecting malicious code into the eCommerce website which then captures sensitive information such as credit card details from unsuspecting customers.To protect against Magecart attacks, eCommerce businesses need to ensure they have robust security measures in place. This includes regularly updating and patching systems, using secure payment systems, regularly monitoring and scanning for vulnerabilities, and educating staff about the risks and signs of a potential attack.<h3>Magecart and Web Skimming</h3>Magecart and web skimming are closely related, as Magecart is a collective term for cybercriminal groups that primarily use web skimming techniques to steal sensitive information from online shoppers.Web skimming, also known as e-skimming or digital skimming, is a form of cyber attack where malicious actors inject unauthorized JavaScript code into a website's payment processing pages. This code then intercepts and captures sensitive information entered by users, such as credit card numbers, CVV codes, and personal identification data. The stolen information is then sent to the attacker's server, where it can be used for fraudulent activities or sold on the dark web.Magecart attackers often target eCommerce websites, as these platforms handle a large volume of sensitive information from customers. They exploit vulnerabilities in the website's security, third-party plugins, or supply chain to inject their malicious code. Once the code is in place, it can be challenging to detect, as it often blends in with legitimate website code and operates silently in the background.<h2 id="How-to-Prevent-Magecart?" style="margin-left:0px;">How to Prevent Magecart?</h2>To prevent Magecart attacks, you can take the following measures:<ol><li>Regularly update and patch vulnerabilities: Keep your website and third-party plugins up to date and patch any vulnerabilities, including operating systems, applications, and all used third-party components. This reduces the chances of attackers exploiting known vulnerabilities.</li><li>Implement secure coding practices: Use secure coding practices during website development and maintenance, including input validation, output encoding, access control, and secure configurations. This helps prevent common security vulnerabilities such as cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).</li><li>Use secure payment gateways: Choose certified and trusted secure payment gateways to ensure the secure transmission and processing of payment card information. These payment gateways typically have robust security features and protections.</li><li>Encrypt payment card information: Use encryption techniques to protect the confidentiality of payment card data during transmission and storage. This prevents attackers from stealing sensitive information during data transfer or storage.</li><li>Monitor website activity: Implement real-time monitoring and logging mechanisms to detect and identify any abnormal activities or malicious code injections. This helps detect signs of Magecart attacks and allows for appropriate response measures.</li><li>Conduct security audits and vulnerability scans: Regularly perform security audits and vulnerability scans to discover and fix potential security vulnerabilities. This helps identify Magecart attack risks in advance and strengthens website security.</li><li>Train employees and users: Provide training and education to make employees and users aware of the risks of Magecart attacks and how to recognize signs of such attacks. Educate users on how to protect their payment card information, such as avoiding transactions in insecure network environments or using secure payment methods.</li><li>Supply chain security: Review and assess the security of third-party service providers or suppliers and ensure they have appropriate security measures in place to protect user payment card information. Choose trusted vendors and service providers to minimize the risk of supply chain attacks.</li></ol>By implementing these preventive measures comprehensively, you can significantly reduce the risk of Magecart attacks and protect both user payment card information and website security.<h2 id="Why-do-Customers-Choose-Edgeone?">Why do Customers Choose Edgeone?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/edgeone">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne</a> is a globally distributed Application Delivery Network (ADN), supported by Tencent's extensive infrastructure. It accelerates the delivery of global enterprise applications through intelligent DNS routing, global load balancing, and a user-friendly DNS management interface.&nbsp;<span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">We are delighted to introduce our latest offer: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing"><span style="color:#1E6FFF;font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">a free trial for the first month</a><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">! Throughout this trial period, You will be able to explore our features, performance, advantages, and experience the professional support and excellent customer service we provide.<span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">Sign up for the free trial now and embark on your journey of exploration! Visit <a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/edgeone">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne</a><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;"> or <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact&nbsp;us</a> <span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">for more details and to obtain your free trial account.

What is Magecart and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Magecart?

The Relationship Between Bot Management and Crawlers

Network

A web crawler, also commonly referred to as a spider, bot, or simply a crawler, is a program or script that navigates the World Wide Web to fetch page content. Its primary purpose is to systematically browse and index web page content so that search engines can provide faster and more accurate search results. Web crawlers are widely used in various applications, including search engines that employ crawlers to gather web page information and build vast indexing databases. They are also used to scrape data from websites for market analysis, competitor analysis, and other purposes such as monitoring changes in web content like price fluctuations, news updates, etc. Additionally, crawlers collect information in specific fields for academic research and more.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/d64d961c-7868-4b1a-b106-6d2df473698d.png" alt="web-crawler.png"><h2 id="How-do-Web-Crawlers-Work?" style="margin-left:0pt;">How do Web Crawlers Work?</h2>Web crawlers typically start with a set of known URLs, known as seed URLs. The crawler first visits the web pages at these URLs. During the visit, the crawler downloads the page content and parses the HTML code to extract useful information such as text, images, and videos.At the same time, the crawler identifies and extracts all hyperlinks on the page. The extracted links are added to the crawler's queue of pages to crawl. This process allows the crawler to expand from the initial seed URLs to more web pages. Crawlers need to search billions of web pages. To achieve this, they follow paths primarily determined by internal links. If page A links to page B in its content, the bot can move from page A to page B based on the link and then process page B. This is why internal linking is so important for SEO. It helps search engine crawlers find and index all the pages on your website.Before crawling any web page, the crawler checks the site's robots.txt file to understand the rules set by the website administrator about which pages can be crawled and which cannot. Crawlers do not blindly crawl all pages but decide the crawling priority of pages based on a series of metrics, such as the number of times a page is linked by other web pages, traffic volume, and the potential importance of the page content. This helps optimize resource use, prioritizing the crawling of the most valuable data.As the content on the Internet constantly updates and changes, crawlers need to periodically revisit crawled pages to ensure that the information in the index is up-to-date. Crawlers store the fetched data and process and index it so that it can be quickly retrieved by search engines.Different search engines may customize the behavior of their crawlers based on their needs and objectives. For example, some search engines may prioritize crawling sites with high user traffic or strong brand influence.<h2 id="Difference-between-Crawling-and-Scraping" style="margin-left:0pt;">Difference between Crawling and Scraping</h2>Web scraping (also known as data scraping or content scraping) typically refers to the act of downloading website content without the website's permission. This behavior may be for malicious purposes, such as using scraped content for illegal copying or publishing. In contrast, web scraping is often more targeted, possibly limited to specific pages or specific sites.Web crawling involves systematically accessing web pages by following links to continuously crawl pages. Web crawlers, especially legitimate ones like those used by search engines, may consider the stress on network servers during execution, adhering to the provisions of the robots.txt file and appropriately limiting their request frequency to reduce server load.Scraping tools are used to extract data from web pages or entire websites. While these tools can be used for legitimate purposes such as data analysis and market research, malicious actors also use these tools to steal and republish website content, potentially infringing copyrights and stealing the original site's SEO results.There are four basic types of web crawlers:<ul><li>Focused crawlers search and download web content related to a specific topic and index it. These crawlers only focus on links they consider relevant, rather than browsing every hyperlink on a webpage like standard web crawlers.</li><li>Incremental crawlers revisit sites to refresh indexes and update URLs.</li><li>Parallel crawlers run multiple crawling processes simultaneously to maximize download rates.</li><li>Distributed crawlers use multiple crawlers at the same time to index different websites. &nbsp;</li></ul>Common web crawlers include:<ul><li>Google, Googlebot (actually two crawling tools, Googlebot Desktop, and Googlebot Mobile, used for desktop and mobile device searches)</li><li>Bingbot, the crawler for Microsoft's search engine</li><li>Amazonbot, Amazon's web crawler</li><li>DuckDuckBot, the crawler for the search engine DuckDuckGo</li><li>YandexBot, the crawler for the Yandex search engine</li><li>Baiduspider, the web crawler for the Chinese search engine Baidu</li><li>Slurp, Yahoo's web crawler</li><li>Coupon applications, such as Honey</li></ul>Web crawler tools are numerous, each with its own features, suitable for different needs and technical levels. Here are some common web crawler tools:<ul><li>Scrapy: A very powerful open-source web crawler framework developed in Python. Scrapy is suitable for complex web crawling tasks, supports asynchronous request processing, and can quickly fetch large amounts of data.</li><li>Beautiful Soup: A Python library for parsing HTML and XML documents. It can be easily used with Python's Requests library to extract data from web pages.</li><li>Selenium: Although mainly used for automating web page applications, Selenium can also be used as a web crawler, especially suitable for interactive scraping tasks such as simulating clicks and form submissions.</li><li>Puppeteer: A Node.js library that can control a headless version of Chrome or Chromium browser, suitable for scraping JavaScript-heavy applications.</li><li>Curl: A tool that works with URL syntax in command lines or scripts, which can be used to fetch web page content and files.</li><li>Wget: A command-line tool for automatically downloading files</li><li>Apache Nutch: This is a highly scalable open-source web crawler software project. Nutch can run on Apache Hadoop clusters, making it suitable for large-scale data scraping.</li><li>Octoparse: This is a user-friendly, no-code web scraping tool that allows users to quickly set up scraping tasks through a visual interface.</li><li>ParseHub: This is a modern visual data scraping tool that supports complex data scraping needs, such as handling AJAX and JavaScript. ParseHub offers a clean graphical interface that</li><li>enables non-technical users to easily scrape data.</li><li>Common Crawl: This is not a tool but an open-source project that provides a large-scale dataset of web pages. It offers researchers and companies access to pre-scraped web data, which can be used directly without the need for their crawling.</li></ul>These tools each have unique features, and users can choose the appropriate tool for web scraping based on their needs and technical abilities. For users with strong programming skills, Scrapy and Beautiful Soup offer great flexibility and control; for those seeking simple and easy-to-use solutions, tools like Octoparse and ParseHub provide user-friendly interfaces and quick data scraping capabilities.<h2 id="The-Impact-of-Web-Crawlers-on-SEO">The Impact of Web Crawlers on SEO</h2>Search Engine Optimization (SEO) refers to the practice of making it easier for users to search for specific types of content, products, or services on a website. Websites that are not easily crawlable rank lower on Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs). Websites that cannot be crawled at all will not appear on the results pages. To improve search engine rankings, SEO teams need to eliminate errors such as missing page titles, duplicate content, and broken links on the website, as these can increase the difficulty of crawling and indexing the site.<h2 id="The-Relationship-Between-Bot-Management-and-Crawlers">The Relationship Between Bot Management and Crawlers</h2>Malicious bots accessing your site can cause significant damage, ranging from poor user experience and server crashes to data theft, escalating over time. However, while blocking malicious bots, it is important to still allow the access capabilities of benevolent bots like web crawlers. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56969">Tencent EdgeOne Bot management</a> allows benevolent bots to continue accessing the website while also reducing malicious bot traffic. This product automatically updates the whitelist of benevolent bots such as web crawlers, ensuring their smooth operation and providing visibility and control over their bot traffic at a similar level.If you intend for your website to be protected from malicious attacks while also allowing reasonable crawler access to enhance your SEO capabilities, feel free to try <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">Tencent EdgeOne </a>for protection and acceleration.

What is a Web Crawler and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a Web Crawler?

Acceleration

In the digital age, video has become essential for sharing and disseminating information. WebM and MP4 are two common video file formats that play a crucial role in playing and sharing video content on the web. This article explores the features, advantages, and suitable use cases of WebM and MP4 formats to help readers make an informed choice based on their specific video format requirements.<h2 id="Definition-of-WebM-and-MP4">Definition of WebM and MP4</h2><ul><li>WebM: WebM is an open and free video file format introduced by Google. It utilizes the VP8 or VP9 video codec and Vorbis or Opus audio codec. WebM format is commonly used for publishing and sharing video content on the web, particularly suitable for HTML5 video players. It supports high-quality video compression, resulting in smaller file sizes, making it ideal for quick loading and streaming over the internet. WebM format enjoys widespread support in modern web browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera.</li><li>MP4: MP4 is a prevalent digital multimedia container format developed by the MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) organization. It employs the H.264 or H.265 video codec and AAC audio codec, with the ability to support other codecs as well. MP4 format is widely used for storing and transmitting video and audio content and is suitable for various devices and platforms, including computers, mobile devices, and streaming services. It offers high-quality video compression, resulting in smaller file sizes while maintaining excellent visual quality. MP4 format enjoys broad support across almost all players and devices, including desktop and mobile platforms.</li></ul><h2 id="Comparison-between-WebM-and-MP4">Comparison between WebM and MP4</h2>WebM and MP4 are both popular video formats, but they have different characteristics that make them suitable for different use cases. Here's a comparison between the two:<ul><li>File Size: WebM files are generally smaller than MP4 files, making them a good choice for streaming online video, especially in situations where bandwidth is a concern.</li><li>Video Quality: Both WebM and MP4 offer high-quality video, but WebM is particularly good at handling high-definition streams. MP4, on the other hand, is known for its high-quality video and audio, making it suitable for professional video editing and streaming services.</li><li>Compatibility: MP4 has broader support across all browsers and devices, making it a safer choice if you need your video to play on a wide variety of platforms. WebM is fully supported by browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera, but may not work as well on others.</li><li>Codecs: WebM uses the VP8 or VP9 video codecs and the Vorbis or Opus audio codecs. MP4 uses the H.264 or H.265 video codec and the AAC audio codec.</li><li>Licensing: WebM is an open-source, royalty-free media file format. This means that it can be used without paying licensing fees. MP4, on the other hand, uses codecs like H.264 that may require users to pay royalties.</li><li>Use Cases: WebM is often used for streaming online video, particularly in HTML5 video and the HTML5 &lt;video&gt; tag. MP4 is widely used in professional video editing, streaming services like YouTube and Netflix, and physical media like Blu-ray discs.</li></ul><h2 id="How-to-Choose-between-WebM-and-MP4?">How to Choose between WebM and MP4?</h2>Choosing between WebM and MP4 depends on your specific needs and the context in which the video will be used. Here are some factors to consider:<ol><li>Compatibility: If you need your video to be playable on a wide variety of devices and browsers, MP4 is generally a safer choice due to its broad compatibility. However, if your target audience primarily uses browsers that support WebM (like Chrome, Firefox, and Opera), then WebM could be a good option.</li><li>Quality vs. Size: If you're concerned about bandwidth and storage space, WebM typically offers comparable quality to MP4 at smaller file sizes. However, if you're looking for the highest possible quality and aren't as concerned about file size, MP4 could be a better choice.</li><li>Licensing: If you prefer to use open-source, royalty-free formats, you might lean towards WebM. MP4, while widely supported and high in quality, uses codecs like H.264 that may require users to pay royalties.</li><li>Use Case: Consider the context in which your video will be used. If you're streaming video online, especially in an HTML5 &lt;video&gt; tag, WebM is a strong choice. If you're doing professional video editing or need your video to play on physical media like Blu-ray discs, MP4 might be more suitable.</li><li>Audio Quality: If high-quality audio is a priority, MP4 might be the better choice as it uses the AAC audio codec, which generally provides superior sound quality compared to the Vorbis or Opus codecs used by WebM.</li></ol><h2 id="Other-Common-Video-Formats">Other Common Video Formats</h2>Aside from WebM and MP4, there are several other common video formats. These include:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>AVI: A video format introduced by Microsoft, known for its high-quality audio and video but also its large file size.</li><li>MOV: A multimedia container file format developed by Apple, primarily for use with QuickTime.</li><li>MKV: An open-source, free container format that can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file.</li><li>FLV: A file format used by Adobe Flash Player to deliver video over the internet.</li></ul><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> offers robust solutions for delivering and securing video content, particularly in WebM and MP4 formats. By leveraging Tencent EdgeOne, you can significantly improve the performance, security, and user experience of your WebM and MP4 video content delivery. Take advantage of our exclusive offer: a free first-month trial. For further information and to explore our pricing options, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">click here</a>.

WebM vs MP4: Which is Better? - Tencent EdgeOne

WebM vs MP4: Which is Better? 

The importance of image formats for website acceleration is significant as they can help reduce file size, maintain image quality, and support transparency and animation effects. These factors are crucial for improving website performance, optimizing user experience, and saving server bandwidth. Understanding the characteristics and development history of different image formats can aid website developers in making wise decisions in optimizing website loading speed and user experience.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/a6ef1de6-cabb-4bdd-b013-9c615692fdb2.png" alt="muti-format-unit.png"><h2 id="Common-Image-File-Types">Common Image File Types</h2><ol><li>WebP: Excellent choice for both images and animated images. WebP offers much better compression than PNG or JPEG with support for higher color depths, animated frames, transparency, etc. AVIF offers slightly better compression but is not quite as well-supported in browsers and does not support progressive rendering. Support: Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Opera, Safari</li><li>AVIF: Good choice for both images and animated images due to high performance and royalty-free image format. It offers much better compression than PNG or JPEG with support for higher color depths, animated frames, transparency, etc. Note that when using AVIF, you should include fallbacks to formats with better browser support (i.e. using the &lt;picture&gt; element). Support: Chrome, Edge, Firefox (still images only: animated images not implemented), Opera, Safari.</li><li>JPEG: Good choice for lossy compression of still images (currently the most popular). Prefer PNG when more precise reproduction of the image is required, or WebP/AVIF if both better reproduction and higher compression are required. Support: Chrome, Edge, Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari.</li><li>PNG: PNG is preferred over JPEG for more precise reproduction of source images, or when transparency is needed. WebP/AVIF provides even better compression and reproduction, but browser support is more limited. Support: Chrome, Edge, Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari.</li><li>GIF: Good choice for simple images and animations. Prefer PNG for lossless and indexed still images, and consider WebP, AVIF, or APNG for animation sequences. Support: Chrome, Edge, Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari.</li></ol><h2 id="Why-use-WebP-or-AVIF?">Why use WebP or AVIF?</h2>Both WebP and AVIF are modern image formats that play a crucial role in website acceleration. Compared to traditional JPEG and PNG formats, WebP and AVIF offer higher compression rates and better image quality, ultimately reducing file size, improving website loading speed, and providing a better browsing experience for users.<ol><li>File Size: Both WebP and AVIF formats can significantly reduce file size while maintaining image quality. According to Google's data, WebP images can reduce file size by 25%-34% compared to JPEG images. AVIF format, being more advanced than WebP, offers even better compression, further reducing file size.</li><li>Image Quality: Both WebP and AVIF formats can maintain high image quality during compression. In particular, the AVIF format uses more advanced encoding technology, providing clearer and more delicate image effects at the same file size.</li><li>Loading Speed: Due to the reduced file size, both WebP and AVIF formats can significantly improve a website's loading speed. Loading speed is crucial for user experience, as many users may abandon a site if the waiting time is too long. Fast-loading websites can increase user satisfaction, reduce bounce rates, and ultimately improve conversion rates.</li><li>SEO Optimization: Website loading speed is also an essential factor in search engine optimization (SEO). Fast-loading websites may achieve higher rankings in search engine results, attracting more traffic.</li><li>Bandwidth Savings: For website owners, using both WebP and AVIF formats can save bandwidth resources. Reducing file size means servers need to transfer less data, lowering operational costs.</li></ol><h2 id="AVIF-vs-WebP">AVIF vs WebP</h2>AVIF and WebP are both modern image formats that offer higher compression rates and better image quality compared to traditional JPEG and PNG formats. However, there are some differences and advantages between them:<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/211a526d-0b99-43dd-9750-b2fde1dacc4e.png" alt="comparing.png"><h3>Advantages of AVIF</h3><ol><li>Higher compression efficiency: AVIF uses image encoding technology based on the AV1 video codec, which allows it to provide better image quality at smaller file sizes compared to WebP. This means that AVIF images may have smaller file sizes than WebP images at equivalent quality.</li><li>Better color representation: AVIF supports 10-bit and 12-bit color depth, while WebP only supports 8-bit color depth. This allows AVIF to provide richer color representation and smoother color transitions.</li><li>HDR support: AVIF supports High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, offering higher contrast and a wider color range. WebP does not support HDR.</li></ol><h3>Advantages of WebP</h3><ol><li>Wider browser compatibility: WebP format is more widely supported in mainstream browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Opera. Although the AVIF format is gradually gaining support, it is not yet fully widespread.</li><li>Mature ecosystem: As WebP has been around for a longer time, many image processing tools, content management systems (CMS), and development libraries already support the WebP format. AVIF, as a relatively new format, is still developing its ecosystem.</li></ol>In summary, AVIF has advantages in compression efficiency, color representation, and HDR support, while WebP excels in browser compatibility and ecosystem maturity. When choosing an image format, you can consider which format to use based on specific needs and compatibility. Additionally, you can use multiple formats and combine the features of modern browsers to provide the best image experience for different browsers.<h2 id="Image-Format-Conversion">Image Format Conversion</h2>Converting images to WebP or AVIF formats can be achieved using various tools and methods:<ol><li>Command-line tools: For WebP, you can use Google's "cwebp" tool, while for AVIF, you can use "libavif" or "avifenc". These tools allow you to convert images in batch mode, adjust quality settings, and resize images.</li><li>Image editing software: Programs like Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and ImageMagick support WebP and AVIF formats, allowing you to convert and edit images using familiar interfaces.</li><li>Online converters: Websites like Squoosh. app, Convertio, and CloudConvert offer user-friendly interfaces for converting images to WebP and AVIF formats without the need to install any software.</li><li>Plugins and libraries: For popular content management systems (CMS) like WordPress, plugins such as WebP Express and EWWW Image Optimizer can automatically convert and serve images in WebP or AVIF formats. Additionally, various JavaScript libraries and frameworks can help with image format conversion in web applications.</li><li>Content Delivery Networks (CDNs): <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> is a next-generation CDN that offers advanced image processing capabilities, including resizing and converting images. The entire process - from processing, and caching, to responding - is handled on EdgeOne servers. This means your origin only needs to maintain the original images, significantly reducing your image management costs. Furthermore, EdgeOne can compress images to enhance page load speed without compromising visual quality. It also supports the conversion of images between various formats, such as WebP to JPG, WebP to GIF, AVIF to JPG, and AVIF to WebP, among others. We have now launched a free trial for the first month. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">Click here</a> or <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.</li></ol>By understanding and utilizing WebP and AVIF formats in website performance optimization, you can significantly improve image acceleration, enhance user experience, and boost organic traffic. Converting images to these modern formats is a crucial step in achieving these benefits.

WebP vs AVIF: Which is Better? - Tencent EdgeOne

WebP vs AVIF: Modern Image Formats

What are the Common Means of Web Attacks?

What are the Important Web Application Defense Strategies?

How Does Tencent EdgeOne Prevent Web Attacks on Web Applications?

What are Web Attacks and How to Defense? - Tencent EdgeOne

 What is a Web Attack?

Unlocking Performance &amp; Security with Tencent EdgeOne

<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;, &quot;Clear Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, sans-serif;">Layer 4 (L4) proxy and Layer 7 (L7) proxy are two categories of proxy servers in computer networks. They are distinguished by the network layer in which they function within the context of the L4-L7 network services definition. The Layer 4 proxy mainly operates at the transport layer, while the Layer 7 proxy works at the application layer. To better understand the differences between these two types and their roles in L4-L7 network services, one must first familiarize oneself with the OSI model and the concept of load balancing.<h2 id="What-is-the-OSI-Model?">What is the OSI Model?</h2>The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the International Organization for Standardization that enables diverse communication systems to communicate using standard protocols. In plain English, the OSI provides a standard for different computer systems to communicate with each other.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/b3682f69-1432-4a2b-adae-369b1ca6e0b1.png" alt="the OSI model.png">The OSI Model can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. It is based on splitting up a communication system into seven abstract layers, each stacked upon the last.<h2 id="What-is-Load-Balancing?">What is Load Balancing?</h2>Load balancing is used in computer networks and servers to distribute workloads evenly among servers. Its goal is to enhance system performance, reliability, and availability while preventing server overloads and failures. By spreading traffic across multiple servers, load balancing ensures network and application stability, responsiveness, and increased capacity for user requests.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/0a5d063e-3cf2-49c5-8cbe-5972a63431d5.png" alt="without loadbalancing.png">Load balancing can be applied at various levels and in different scenarios. For a deeper understanding of DNS load balancing, hardware, and software load balancing, refer to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/dns-load-balancing">What&nbsp;is&nbsp;DNS&nbsp;Load&nbsp;Balancing?</a> However, this particular article will mainly delve into the concepts of load balancing as it pertains to Layer 4 and Layer 7 proxy servers:<ol><li>Layer 4 load balancing (L4): Load balancing is implemented at the transport layer, focusing on IP addresses and port numbers. Layer 4 load balancing allocates traffic based on the connection status between clients and servers.</li><li>Layer 7 load balancing (L7): Load balancing is implemented at the application layer, and the application layer protocols, such as HTTP, can be understood. It can allocate traffic based on the content of requests (e.g., URL, request headers, etc.).</li></ol><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/24670af7-bd02-4a33-9585-2a420182813a.png" alt="with loadbalancing.png">There are various load balancing strategies, such as Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin, Least Connections, etc. Choosing the appropriate load-balancing strategy can help improve system performance and reliability.<h2 id="The-L4-Proxy" style="margin-left:0px;">The L4 Proxy</h2>The Layer 4 proxy mainly operates at the fourth layer of the OSI model, the transport layer. The transport layer is primarily responsible for end-to-end data transmission, including TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). The Layer 4 proxy primarily focuses on IP addresses and port numbers and forwards data packets between the client and the server. It is mainly used for load balancing and network traffic control, improving network performance and reliability.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Use Cases of L4 Proxy</h3><ol><li>Basic load balancing: Layer 4 proxy can forward data packets between clients and servers, achieving essential load balancing. This helps improve network performance and reliability, preventing overloading on individual servers.</li><li>Game Acceleration: L4 proxy accelerates data transmission over TCP/UDP for mobile and PC games, such as real-time battle games and MMORPGs that require global access to a unified server. L4 proxy connects players to the nearest high-speed channels to reduce the game's packet loss rate and latency due to varying network conditions across regions.</li><li>Real-time Audio/Video: L4 proxy supports forwarding acceleration over UDP. This ensures reliable audio and video transmission in real-time interactive scenarios, such as video meetings and video communication between anchors and audience members. L4 proxy also solves network issues such as audio/video lags, packet loss, and high latency during cross-ISP, long-distance, and cross-border communication.</li></ol><h2 id="The-L7-Proxy" style="margin-left:0px;">The L7 Proxy</h2>The Layer 7 proxy mainly operates at the seventh layer of the OSI model, namely the application layer. The application layer handles network application protocols and data, such as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), etc. The Layer 7 proxy can understand application layer protocols to process data packets more deeply, such as content filtering, caching, security checks, etc. The Layer 7 proxy is typically used for web application optimization, security protection, and load balancing.<h3>Use Cases of L7 Proxy</h3><ol><li>Web application optimization: Layer 7 proxy load balancing can allocate traffic based on the content of requests (such as URLs, request headers, etc.), enabling optimization for specific pages, APIs, or services.</li><li>Content Delivery Network (CDN): A network of globally distributed servers that speed up content delivery by distributing content to servers closer to users. Layer 7 proxy load balancing can route requests to the nearest server based on the user's geographical location.</li><li>Security protection: Layer 7 proxy load balancing can identify malicious requests (such as DDoS attacks, SQL injections, etc.) and intercept or redirect them to secure servers, protecting backend servers from attacks.</li></ol><h3>The Difference between L4 and L7</h3>Layer 4 and Layer 7 proxies differ in their working layers, processing capabilities, and applicable scenarios. Layer 4 proxy primarily operates at the transport layer, focusing on IP addresses and port numbers, while Layer 7 proxy works at the application layer, understanding application layer protocols. Layer 4 proxy mainly forwards data packets, whereas Layer 7 proxy can perform more in-depth data packet processing, such as content filtering, caching, and security checks. Layer 4 proxy is typically used for simple load balancing and network traffic control, while Layer 7 proxy is more suitable for web application optimization, security protection, and scenarios that require intelligent routing.<h3>L4 vs L7</h3>L4 Proxy (Layer 4 Proxy) Advantages:<ol><li>Transport Layer Processing: L4 proxy deals with transport layer (TCP/UDP) data, enabling functions such as load balancing and failover during network transmission.</li><li>Simplicity and Efficiency: Since the L4 proxy only processes transport layer data, it is relatively simple, fast, and highly efficient.</li><li>Protocol Agnostic: L4 proxy is not concerned with application-layer protocols, so it can support multiple protocols, such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.</li><li>Network Security: L4 proxy can act as a firewall, providing a certain level of network security protection.</li></ol>L7 Proxy (Layer 7 Proxy) Advantages:<ol><li>Application Layer Processing: L7 proxy processes application layer data, enabling more intelligent load balancing, failover, and other functions.</li><li>Content Awareness: Since the L7 proxy processes application-layer data, it can perform corresponding actions based on request content, such as caching and compression.</li><li>Flexible Control: L7 proxy enables flexible control of requests, such as URL rewriting, request/response modification, etc.</li><li>Enhanced Security Features: L7 proxy can implement more advanced security features, such as Web Application Firewall, SSL decryption, etc.</li><li>Session Persistence: L7 proxy can achieve session persistence, ensuring session continuity even if client requests are distributed to different servers.</li><li>Better Performance Optimization: L7 proxy can optimize performance based on application-layer protocols, such as HTTP/2 support, WebSocket, etc.</li><li>Richer Monitoring and Statistics: L7 proxy provides more detailed application layer monitoring and statistical information, facilitating analysis and optimization.</li></ol><h2 id="Unlocking-Performance-&amp;-Security-with-Tencent-EdgeOne">Unlocking Performance &amp; Security with Tencent EdgeOne</h2>The L7 Proxy in <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne</a> plays a crucial role at the application layer, managing functionalities specific to applications like HTTP traffic management for web applications. It offers in-depth insights into application usage patterns through a comprehensive analysis of L7 (application layer) access log data. This multi-dimensional, visualized view of traffic includes time trend curves, request metrics, country/region distribution, and top rankings. This information enables users to identify potential issues, refine performance, and enhance user experience, making applications more efficient and effective. L7 Proxy in EdgeOne serves as an efficient tool for holistic <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54449">traffic&nbsp;analysis</a>, performance monitoring, and optimal operation.On the other hand, the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54506">L4&nbsp;Proxy</a> in Tencent EdgeOne focuses on improving and accelerating data transmission over TCP/UDP, benefiting applications like mobile and PC games that require global access to a unified server. Real-time battle games and MMORPGs, for example, rely on L4 Proxy to connect players to the nearest high-speed channels, reducing packet loss rates and latency that might be affected by varying network conditions across different regions.Additionally, L4 Proxy enhances the performance and reliability of real-time audio and video transmission in interactive scenarios, such as video meetings and live communications between video anchors and their audiences. It can resolve network issues like video/audio lags, packet loss, and high latency during cross-ISP, long-distance, and cross-border communication.In terms of security, L4 Proxy in Tencent EdgeOne offers various protection methods, including <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">DDoS&nbsp;Protection</a> with dedicated resources, IP blocking, redirection, returning to specified pages, and returning <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46188">custom&nbsp;error&nbsp;pages</a>. It also provides basic <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56969">bot&nbsp;protection</a> capabilities. We have now launched a free trial for the first month. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">Click here</a> or <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.

What is L4 / L7 Proxy and How it Works? -Tencent EdgeOne

What is L4 / L7 Proxy?

Nowadays, enhancing customer experience is paramount to driving engagement and achieving business success. One crucial aspect that significantly impacts customer satisfaction is the speed at which a website loads.Studies have revealed that <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/why-performance-matters/">40% of users</a> abandon a website if it takes longer than three seconds to load, while even a mere one-second delay in page response can lead to a 7% reduction in conversions. It's clear that every second counts!In the web's pursuit of fast loading times, we have a number of different technologies to help us. One approach is to minimize the underlying code your site will use without affecting how it functions. "Compression" algorithms are one way to achieve this, most modern web browsers understand or “accept” content encoded in one of three algorithms:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Deflate</li><li>Gzip</li><li>Brotli</li></ul>To learn how to speed up your website, please checkout <a href="https://edgeone.ai/blog/details/accelerate">here</a>.<h2 id="What-is-GZIP-Compression?">What is GZIP Compression?</h2>GZIP, developed by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler, is a widely used compression format and software application. The initial beta release was made in 1992. The first actual version, version 1.0, was released in early 1993. It was originally created as a versatile compression library and drew inspiration from the DEFLATE compression algorithm.GZIP offers 9 levels of file compression, ranging from level 1 for smaller file savings and faster compression speed to level 10 for maximum file savings at a slower compression speed. It is commonly able to achieve compression ratios of up to 80%. It is particularly effective for compressing data like text files, JavaScript or CSS codes, and other types of HTTP content.<h2 id="GZIP-Compression-Algorithm">GZIP Compression Algorithm</h2>GZIP is a lossless compression algorithm that builds upon the deflate algorithm, which combines LZ77 and Huffman coding techniques. As a lossless compression method, it ensures that the decompressed data remains identical to the original.Let's dive into how GZIP works in practice:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>When a server receives a web page request, it checks the request header for GZIP compression support.</li><li>If GZIP compression is supported, the server generates compressed markup for the page.</li><li>GZIP converts markup into a compressed data stream for efficient delivery to end users.</li><li>The user's browser decompresses the received stream, restoring the original markup.</li></ul>In short, GZIP identifies repetitive patterns, replaces them with shorter representations, and assigns variable-length codes based on frequency.This compression method significantly reduces file sizes, enhancing data transmission efficiency.<h2 id="Comparing-the-Effects-of-Using-GZIP">Comparing the Effects of Using GZIP</h2>For example, after bundling with webpack or rollup, the resulting JavaScript file may be quite large. Although we can use `chunk` to separate the files, the overall size may still be significant. Let's see the effect of GZIP compression:<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/e89813b3-2cff-4562-bbc0-be5e5489b6c7.png" alt="Before Gzip’s Compression.png"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/f080c407-0315-422a-a80f-eed290e0e407.png" alt="After Gzip’s Compression.png">Comparing the compressed sizes of three files before and after compression:<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/fe7a57c3-f9d1-4ad3-afe8-521760ad8259.png" alt="企业微信截图_efec7c4d-9766-4165-ba78-134ad51d9f89.png"><h2 id="What-is-Brotli-Compresion?">What is Brotli Compresion?</h2>Brotli, initially developed by Google for woff2 usage and later expanded for broader applications, is an exceptionally efficient compression algorithm. It achieves compression ratios comparable to the most effective general-purpose compression methods currently availableBrotli introduces 11 compression quality levels, ranging from 1 to 11. Increasing the quality level improves the compression ratio, but it's worth noting that higher levels may affect the compression speedBrotli has gained widespread adoption and is supported by all modern web browsers. Approximately 97.28% of users currently utilize browsers that support Brotli.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/e0c670c3-4a25-4095-85a1-bf5d54f3884d.png" alt="caiuse.png">You can examine the accept-encoding request header to check if your browser supports Brotli. When Gzip and Brotli compression algorithms are enabled at the same time, Brotli compression level has higher priority than Gzip. It looks like this:<pre><code class="language-plaintext">Accept-Encoding: br,gzip</code></pre><h2 id="Brotli-Compression-Algorithm">Brotli Compression Algorithm</h2>Brotli is an open source compression algorithm launched by Google, which is more efficient than the common Gzip. It compresses data through a variant of the LZ77 algorithm, Huffman encoding, and second-order text modeling, helping us to compress various file sizes in web pages more efficiently. , improve loading speed.It uses a dictionary of common words and vocabulary in English, Spanish, Chinese, Hindi, Russian, and Arabic, combined with machine language, especially common terms in HTML and JavaScript, to compress data than gzip, bzip2, LZMA, etc. Further compression is performed on the basis of the algorithm, which reduces the capacity of the data content and makes the web page load faster.Let's dive into how Brotli works in practice:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>First, Brotli looks for repeated patterns in the data and replaces them with shorter codes. This helps to eliminate redundancy and make the file more compact.</li><li>Second, Brotli uses a method called Huffman coding. It assigns shorter codes to the most common words and longer codes to the less common ones. By doing this, Brotli can represent frequently used words with fewer bits, reducing the file size.</li><li>Another trick that Brotli employs is called context modeling. It analyzes the context or surroundings of the data to make smarter predictions. By understanding the patterns and relationships between the data, Brotli can make more accurate guesses about what comes next. This helps in compressing the file more efficiently.</li></ul>Overall, Brotli's combination of advanced techniques, comprehensive static dictionary, and transformative mechanisms make it a highly effective compression algorithm. It delivers impressive compression ratios and file size reduction, outperforming other algorithms like GZIP, bzip2, and LZMA.<h2 id="Brotli-vs-GZIP">Brotli vs GZIP</h2>From a usage perspective, Based on HTTP Archive data from January 2024, Brotli is actually used more than gzip for JavaScript and CSS!<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/036771d1-182c-4b0e-8bed-6c557d6a9f26.jpeg" alt="compression_usage.jpeg">Use the <a href="https://tools.paulcalvano.com/compression-tester/">Paul Calvano's Tool</a> to test the compression performance of gzip and brotli.<h3>Brotli's Advantages Over GZIP</h3>Brotli offers an advantage over GZIP by utilizing a dictionary, allowing it to send keys instead of full keywords. Because of this, Brotli achieves significant file size reductions compared to GZIP compression.These improvements in file size contribute to more efficient data transmission and storage in web environments.Reducing the number of transferred bytes not only improves page load times but also helps lower the costs associated with CDN.<h3>GZIP's Advantages Over Brotli</h3>While Brotli offers impressive compression capabilities, GZIP still possesses certain advantages in specific scenarios. Here are a few advantages of GZIP over Brotli:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Compatibility: GZIP has been widely used since the 1990s and is supported by virtually all browsers and web servers. It has become a standard compression format, ensuring widespread compatibility across various platforms.</li><li>Established Ecosystem: GZIP has a well-established ecosystem with abundant tools and libraries available for implementation. Its long-standing presence in the industry makes integrating and working within different software environments easier.</li><li>Compression Speed: GZIP generally has faster compression speeds compared to Brotli. It can quickly compress files, making it suitable for scenarios where speed is a priority.</li><li>Lower Server Load: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46359">EdgeOne's Smart Compression</a> is performed at their edge network, not on your origin server. This means that the compression is done on EdgeOne's servers, not yours. Therefore, using Brotli compression through EdgeOne does not use up your server's resources. This is one of the advantages of using a Content Delivery Network (CDN) like EdgeOne, as it offloads tasks like compression from your server to theirs, freeing up resources on your server.</li><li>Support for Streaming: GZIP is well-suited for streaming scenarios, where data is compressed and delivered in real time. Its compatibility and support for streaming applications make it a preferred choice in certain use cases.</li></ul>Learn more about <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46359">smart compression</a>, or sign up for <a href="https://edgeone.ai/register?s_url=https://edgeone.ai">EdgeOne</a>. We have now launched a free trial for the first month. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">Click here</a> or <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.

Brotli vs GZIP: Which is Better? - Tencent EdgeOne

Brotli vs GZIP Compression Algorithm

A Famous Example of Spear Phishing Attacks

Why Need to Be Cautious of Phishing Attacks?

How to Protect Yourself Against Phishing Attacks?

Spear Phishing is a type of cyber attack that is a more targeted form of phishing. In this attack, the attacker delves into the target and then sends an email or message that appears to be from a trusted, relevant person or organization to trick the target into clicking on a malicious link, downloading a malicious attachment, or providing sensitive information. This article will discuss the concept of spear phishing, its potential consequences, and effective strategies to prevent this targeted cyber threat.<h2 id="A-Famous-Example-of-Spear-Phishing-Attacks">A Famous Example of Spear Phishing Attacks</h2>Due to spear phishing attacks' highly customized and targeted nature, spear phishing attacks are often more difficult to identify and prevent. For example, an attacker might pose as a target's colleague or superior and send a normal-looking work email asking the target for their login credentials or other sensitive information.&nbsp;The 2016 Democratic Party email leak. In this attack, the Russian hacking group obtained internal emails from the Democratic National Committee in a spear-phishing attack, which was later made public and had a major impact on the U.S. presidential election.Specifically, hackers sent a warning email disguised as Google to John Podesta, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee. The email claimed that his password had been stolen and he needed to click a link to change it. However, the link pointed to a fake Google login page. When Podesta entered his username and password, the hackers obtained his login credentials and further stole a large number of internal emails.<h2 id="What-is-Spear-Phishing?">What is Spear Phishing?</h2>A phishing attack is a form of online fraud in which attackers deceive users by posing as a trusted entity, such as a well-known website, bank, social media platform, etc. Typically, these attacks are executed through email, text messages, phone calls, or social media platforms.In a phishing attack, the attacker typically creates a fake website that looks very similar to the real one and then directs the user to the fake website by sending a link. These links are often hidden in seemingly normal communications, such as an email from a bank or a social media message.When users click on the link to visit the fake website and enter their personal information (such as username, password, credit card number, etc.), this information is stolen by the attackers. In some cases, these fake sites also allow users to download malicious software that further infiltrates the user's computer or phone.<h2 id="Spear-Phishing-vs-Phishing-vs-Smishing" style="margin-left:0px;">Spear Phishing vs Phishing vs Smishing</h2>Phishing and spear phishing are both forms of cyberattacks that aim to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials, financial data, or personal information. However, there are key differences between the two in terms of target selection, approach, and level of customization.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Phishing</h3>Phishing is a type of cyber attack where attackers send fraudulent emails, texts, or other messages that appear to come from a legitimate source. The goal is to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials, credit card numbers, or personal data. These attacks are typically widespread, targeting a large number of individuals with the hope that some will fall for the scam.<ol><li>Targets: Phishing attacks are typically broad and indiscriminate, targeting a large number of individuals at once.</li><li>Approach: Phishing emails are often generic, using common techniques such as posing as a well-known company or service provider to gain the user's trust.</li><li>Customization: Phishing emails usually have minimal customization and may contain spelling or grammatical errors. They often rely on a "spray and pray" tactic, hoping that at least some recipients will fall for the scam.</li><li>Examples: A phishing email may appear to be from a bank or an online shopping site, asking users to confirm their login credentials or update their payment information.</li></ol><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Spear Phishing</h3>Spear phishing is a more targeted form of phishing. Instead of sending out mass emails to a large number of people, spear phishing attacks are directed at specific individuals or organizations. Attackers often research their targets and tailor the fraudulent messages to include personal information, making them appear more credible and increasing the likelihood of the recipient falling for the scam. Spear phishing attacks are usually aimed at gaining access to sensitive information or systems within a targeted organization.<ol><li>Targets: Spear phishing attacks are targeted and focused, aimed at specific individuals or organizations.</li><li>Approach: Spear phishing emails are carefully crafted to appear legitimate and convincing, often using information gathered about the target to make the message more persuasive.</li><li>Customization: Spear phishing emails are highly customized, using the target's name, job title, or other personal information to make the message appear more authentic. The attacker may also reference recent events or shared interests to further establish credibility.</li><li>Examples: A spear phishing email may appear to be from a colleague or a trusted contact, asking the target to review a document, click on a link, or provide sensitive information.</li></ol><h3>Smishing</h3>Smishing, also known as SMS phishing, is a type of phishing attack that occurs through text messages or SMS. In this case, attackers send fraudulent text messages that appear to come from a legitimate source, such as a bank or service provider, with the intent of tricking the recipient into clicking on a malicious link or providing sensitive information. Smishing attacks often prey on the trust that people place in text messages, as they may be less likely to question the authenticity of a message received via SMS compared to email.<ol><li>Communication Method: Smishing (short for "SMS phishing") attacks are conducted through text messages or SMS.</li><li>Approach: Smishing messages often use urgent language, impersonate familiar organizations or contacts, and contain malicious links or requests for personal information. The attacker may attempt to trick the target into clicking on a link, calling a phone number, or revealing sensitive data.</li><li>Targets: Similar to phishing, smishing attacks can be broad and indiscriminate, targeting a large number of individuals, or more focused and targeted.</li></ol>In summary, phishing is a broad term that refers to the act of tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information through deceptive messages. Spear phishing is a more targeted form of phishing, focusing on specific individuals or organizations. Smishing is a type of phishing attack that occurs through text messages or SMS.<h2 id="Why-Need-to-Be-Cautious-of-Phishing-Attacks?">Why Need to Be Cautious of Phishing Attacks?</h2>The impact of spear phishing attacks on businesses and organizations can be very serious in the following ways:<ol><li>Data breach: Spear phishing attacks can result in sensitive data being stolen from a business or organization, including financial information, customer data, employee personal information, trade secrets, and more. This can not only lead to direct financial losses but also damage the reputation of the business and customer trust.</li><li>Financial losses: Attackers may use stolen information to conduct fraudulent activities, such as impersonating corporate executives to direct financial departments to transfer money, or using obtained credit card information to make illegal purchases.</li><li>Service interruption: If an attacker installs malicious software through spear phishing attacks, an enterprise's IT system may be damaged or data may be encrypted, affecting the normal service running.</li><li>Legal liability: If a company causes a customer data breach as a result of a spear-phishing attack, it may be liable, pay a fine, or pay damages.</li></ol>Therefore, businesses and organizations need to guard against spear phishing attacks. This needs to be achieved through regular staff training, strengthening network security protection measures, and timely updating and patching system vulnerabilities.The impact of spear phishing attacks on individuals can also be very serious and may include the following:<ol><li>Personal Information Disclosure: Attackers may steal your personal information, including name, address, phone number, email address, social security number, etc. This information can be used for identity theft or other forms of fraud.</li><li>Financial losses: If attackers gain access to your bank account information or credit card information, they could make illegal transfers or purchases that could result in your financial losses.</li><li>Reputation damage: If an attacker uses your email or social media account to send spam or conduct malicious activities, it may damage your reputation.</li><li>Privacy violation: Attackers may use stolen information to track or harass you, seriously violating your privacy.</li></ol>Therefore, individuals also need to be more aware of spear phishing attacks, do not easily click on links from unknown sources, do not enter personal information on insecure websites, regularly update and patch system vulnerabilities on computers and mobile phones, and use strong passwords and two-step verification to protect their accounts.<h2 id="How-to-Protect-Yourself-Against-Phishing-Attacks?">How to Protect Yourself Against Phishing Attacks?</h2>Best practices for organizations to protect against spear phishing attacks include the following:<ol><li>Employee education and training: Conduct regular cybersecurity training for employees to raise their awareness of spear phishing attacks and teach them how to identify and deal with suspicious emails and links.</li><li>Use Advanced Threat Protection tools: Use advanced threat protection tools to help detect and block spear phishing attacks. These tools can analyze email metadata to identify suspicious links and attachments.</li><li>Multi-factor authentication: Using multi-factor authentication can make it more difficult for attackers to steal accounts. Even if an attacker gets the password, the account cannot be logged in without a second authentication, such as an SMS code or fingerprint identification.</li><li>Regularly update and patch systems: Regularly update and patch vulnerabilities in operating systems, applications, and network devices to reduce the likelihood that attackers will exploit known vulnerabilities.</li><li>Establish an emergency response plan: Even if all possible precautions are taken, there is no guarantee that spear phishing attacks will be completely avoided. Therefore, it is important to have an emergency response plan in place to be able to respond quickly and effectively in the event of an attack.</li><li>Conduct regular security audits: Conduct regular security audits to check the effectiveness of network security protection measures and discover and resolve security problems promptly.</li></ol>These measures can help organizations improve their defenses against spear phishing attacks and reduce possible losses.For individuals, best practices to protect against spear phishing attacks include the following:<ol><li>Be alert: Be alert for any emails, messages, or links from unknown sources. Don't easily click on links or download attachments, especially those that ask you to provide personal information or sign in to your account.</li><li>Use security software: Using antivirus software and firewalls, and conducting regular security scans can help you find and block malware.</li><li>Multi-factor authentication: Using multi-factor authentication can make it more difficult for attackers to steal accounts. Even if an attacker gets the password, the account cannot be logged in without a second authentication, such as an SMS code or fingerprint identification.</li><li>Regularly update and patch the system: Regularly update and patch the vulnerabilities of the operating system and applications to reduce the possibility of attackers taking advantage of known vulnerabilities.</li><li>Use strong passwords: Using strong passwords can make it more difficult for attackers to crack passwords. A strong password should contain uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters and be at least 8 characters long.</li><li>Do not perform sensitive operations on the public network: Online banking operations, shopping payments, or viewing sensitive information on the public network may be stolen by attackers. Perform these operations in a secure network environment.</li></ol>These measures can help individuals improve their ability to prevent spear phishing attacks and protect their information security.<h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2>The importance of resolving spear phishing attacks is reflected in preventing the disclosure of personal information, improving network security prevention capabilities, protecting enterprise assets, and enhancing network security awareness. Proactive measures to prevent and mitigate risks include education and training, using security tools, implementing multi-factor authentication, regularly updating and patching systems, using strong passwords and changing them regularly, backing up important data, and establishing an emergency response plan.Cyber security is an important part of life and we call on all organizations and individuals to prioritize cyber security, take the necessary precautions, and raise awareness to protect our information and assets.<h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne">Tencent EdgeOne</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> Global Mass Intelligence Network protects and accelerates your applications, websites, and APIs. Tencent EdgeOne protects your website, applications, and APIs with intelligent identification to block attacks, and mitigate <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">DDoS threats</a>, and uses AI and bot strategy engines to analyze network, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56969">bot</a>, and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/55936">CC attacks</a>. Take advantage of our exclusive offer: a free first-month trial. For more details and to view our pricing, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">click here</a>.<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/9c3aca2d-2646-4484-b9cb-7dba06abb9e8.png" alt="edgeone.ai_products_edgeone (2).png"></figure>

Spear Phishing: Definition, Examples, and Prevention Strategies

What is Spear Phishing? 

What is the Purpose of HTTP Status Codes?

Tencent EdgeOne Enhances the Rational Use of HTTP Status Codes

HTTP

Understanding HTTP Status Codes: Meaning and List - Tencent EdgeOne

What are HTTP Status Codes?

How to Choose the Right Video CDN Provider?

What is a Video CDN and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a Video CDN?

What are the Key Functionalities of WAAP?

Security

In today's increasingly digital world, web applications and API interfaces have become critical components of modern enterprise operations. However, the growing prevalence of cyber threats has made securing these applications and interfaces a significant challenge. Web Application and API Protection (WAAP) has emerged as a comprehensive security solution.&nbsp;<h2 id="What-is-WAAP?" id="What-is-WAAP?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is WAAP?</h2>Web Application and API Protection (WAAP) is a security approach that focuses on safeguarding web applications and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) from various threats and cyberattacks. As web applications and APIs have become critical components of modern online services, ensuring their security has become a priority for organizations.WAAP typically involves a combination of security solutions, best practices, and technologies to protect web applications and APIs from threats such as:<ul><li>Injection attacks (e.g., SQL injection, cross-site scripting)</li><li>Denial of Service (DoS) and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/ddos">Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)</a> attacks</li><li>Unauthorized access and data breaches</li><li>Session hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks</li><li>API abuse and misuse</li></ul>With the increasing number of cyber-attacks targeting web applications and API interfaces, WAAP has become an essential tool for enterprises to protect their business operations and data security. WAAP helps enterprises identify and mitigate various cyber threats, ensuring the stable operation of their web applications and API interfaces.<h2 id="What-are-the-Key-Functionalities-of-WAAP?" id="What-are-the-Key-Functionalities-of-WAAP?" style="margin-left:0px;">What are the Key Functionalities of WAAP?</h2>WAAP offers several key functionalities to protect web applications and API interfaces from various cyber threats. These functionalities include:<ol><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/waf">Web Application Firewalls (WAF)</a>: The WAF, the core component of WAAP, is responsible for detecting and blocking attacks targeting web applications, such as SQL injection, XSS, and CSRF. It analyzes HTTP/HTTPS traffic to identify and block malicious requests, safeguarding web applications.</li><li>Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Protection: DDoS protection, a crucial component of WAAP, is designed to prevent large-scale DDoS attacks. Through globally distributed scrubbing centers and intelligent traffic scheduling technology, DDoS protection can effectively mitigate malicious traffic, ensuring the stable operation of web applications and API interfaces.</li><li>Bot Management: Bot management functions to identify and block malicious bot traffic, preventing data scraping, account hijacking, and other automated attacks. Through behavioral analysis and fingerprint recognition, bot management can distinguish between legitimate users and malicious bots, ensuring service security.</li><li>API Security Protection: API security protection aims to safeguard API interfaces from abuse and attacks. Through mechanisms such as authentication, access control, rate limiting, and traffic control, API security protection ensures that only legitimate users can access API interfaces, preventing data breaches and other security threats.</li></ol><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/27175f8b-3f8c-407e-9921-c0cad426b376.png" alt="waap2.png"><h2 id="WAAP-vs-WAF" id="WAAP-vs-WAF" style="margin-left:0px;">WAAP vs WAF</h2>WAAP (Web Application and API Protection) and WAF (Web Application Firewall) are both security solutions aimed at protecting web applications from various cyber threats. While they share some similarities, there are key differences between the two.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">WAAP (Web Application and API Protection)</h3><ol><li>WAAP is a more comprehensive security solution that focuses on protecting both web applications and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) from a wide range of threats.</li><li>WAAP typically includes a WAF as a component, along with other security features such as API security, DDoS protection, bot mitigation, and threat intelligence.</li><li>It is designed to address the increasing complexity of modern web applications and APIs, which often involve multiple components, microservices, and third-party integrations.</li><li>WAAP provides a holistic approach to web application and API security, offering protection against a wider range of threats, including DDoS attacks, SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and more.</li><li>WAAP solutions may also include advanced features such as machine learning and artificial intelligence to detect and block sophisticated attacks that traditional WAFs might miss.</li></ol><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">WAF (Web Application Firewall)</h3><ol><li>WAF is a specific type of security solution that focuses on protecting web applications from common threats such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and other OWASP Top Ten vulnerabilities.</li><li>WAF operates by monitoring and filtering incoming HTTP/HTTPS traffic, applying a set of predefined rules to block or allow specific requests.</li><li>WAFs can be deployed as a standalone solution or as part of a broader security infrastructure, such as an intrusion prevention system (IPS) or a next-generation firewall (NGFW).</li><li>While WAFs offer protection against many common web application threats, they may not be as effective in addressing the unique security challenges posed by APIs or complex, distributed applications.</li><li>WAFs typically rely on signature-based detection and predefined rules, which may not be sufficient to detect and block more advanced or targeted attacks.</li></ol>In summary, while both WAAP and WAF aim to protect web applications from cyber threats, WAAP provides a more comprehensive and holistic approach to security, covering both web applications and APIs. WAF is a component of WAAP and focuses on protecting web applications from common threats. Organizations should consider their specific needs and the complexity of their web applications and APIs when deciding between WAAP and WAF solutions.<h2 id="Case-Studies-and-Applications-of-WAAP" id="Case-Studies-and-Applications-of-WAAP" style="margin-left:0px;">Case Studies and Applications of WAAP</h2>Case studies and applications of WAAP (Web Application and API Protection) demonstrate how organizations can benefit from implementing this comprehensive security solution to protect their web applications and APIs from various cyber threats. Here are a few examples:<ol><li>E-commerce Company: An e-commerce company faced severe DDoS attacks, causing its website to go down frequently. After deploying WAAP, the company successfully mitigated the attacks, ensuring the stable operation of its website and improving customer satisfaction.</li><li>Social Media Platform: A social media platform suffered from a bot-driven spam campaign, leading to a significant drop in user engagement. WAAP's bot management functionality helped the platform identify and block malicious bot traffic, restoring user engagement and improving platform security.</li><li>Financial Institution: A financial institution experienced multiple data breaches due to unauthorized API access. By implementing WAAP's API security protection, the institution strengthened its API defenses, preventing further data breaches and safeguarding sensitive customer information.</li><li>Online Gaming Platform: An online gaming platform was being targeted by cybercriminals using DDoS attacks to disrupt services and exploit vulnerabilities in the platform's web application and APIs. By deploying a WAAP solution, the gaming platform was able to mitigate DDoS attacks and protect its web applications and APIs from threats such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). The WAAP solution also provided bot mitigation, preventing cheaters from using automated scripts to gain an unfair advantage in the games.</li></ol>These case studies highlight the importance of implementing comprehensive security solutions like WAAP to protect web applications and APIs from various cyber threats. By leveraging WAAP, organizations can ensure the security and availability of their online services, maintain customer trust, and comply with industry regulations.<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/17656a78-2fbf-48ed-a99c-7b2c0997e2a7.png" alt="WAAP"></figure><h2 id="Benefits-of-Tencent-EdgeOne" id="Benefits-of-Tencent-EdgeOne" style="margin-left:0px;">Benefits of Tencent EdgeOne</h2>Web Application and API Protection (WAAP) serves as a comprehensive security solution, effectively countering various cyber threats and protecting web applications and API interfaces. The WAAP functionalities within Tencent EdgeOne products combine multiple advanced technical advantages, providing comprehensive web application and API protection. Through efficient threat detection and protection, comprehensive DDoS protection, bot management and protection, API security protection, high availability and low latency, and compliance and security certification, EdgeOne effectively safeguards enterprises' core business and data security. As technology continues to advance, EdgeOne will play an increasingly important role in future cybersecurity protection.<a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> offers the following advantages:<ol><li>Efficient Threat Detection and Protection: EdgeOne utilizes advanced threat detection technologies to identify and block various complex <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/web-attack">web attack</a>s in real-time. Its threat detection mechanisms include signature-based detection, behavioral analysis, and machine learning, ensuring the ability to counter evolving attack methods.</li><li>Comprehensive DDoS Protection: EdgeOne not only provides WAF functionalities but also integrates robust DDoS protection capabilities. Through globally distributed scrubbing centers and intelligent traffic scheduling technology, EdgeOne can effectively mitigate large-scale DDoS attacks, ensuring the stable operation of web applications and API interfaces.</li><li>Bot Management and Protection: EdgeOne features advanced bot management functionalities, capable of identifying and blocking malicious bot traffic, preventing data scraping, account hijacking, and other automated attacks.</li><li>API Security Protection: EdgeOne offers comprehensive API security protection, preventing API abuse, data breaches, and other security threats. Through authentication, access control, rate limiting, and traffic control mechanisms, EdgeOne ensures that only legitimate users can access API interfaces.</li><li>High Availability and Low Latency: EdgeOne provides high availability and low latency security protection services through globally distributed edge nodes and intelligent routing technology. Users can enjoy fast and stable access experiences regardless of their location.</li><li>Compliance and Security Certification: EdgeOne complies with various international and industry security standards, helping enterprises meet compliance requirements and reduce compliance risks. By providing detailed logs and reports, EdgeOne assists enterprises in conducting security audits and compliance checks.</li></ol>You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is WAAP and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is WAAP?

<span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">HTTP/3 is the next-generation transport protocol on the Internet, aiming to provide faster, more secure, and more reliable network communication. It is based on the QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) protocol, which brings numerous innovations and advantages.<h2 id="Development-of-HTTP-Protocol" id="Development-of-HTTP-Protocol">Development of HTTP Protocol</h2>The development of the HTTP protocol has gone through several versions and improvements. Here is a summary of the major milestones in the evolution of the HTTP protocol:<ul><li>HTTP/0.9: Released in 1991, it was the earliest version of HTTP. It was a simple protocol that only supported the GET method for retrieving HTML documents. It lacked headers, status codes, and advanced features.</li><li>HTTP/1.0: Released in 1996, it introduced significant enhancements. It added support for additional request methods (such as POST, HEAD, etc.), introduced headers for requests and responses, and supported status codes and error handling. HTTP/1.0 also introduced persistent connections, allowing multiple requests and responses on a single connection.</li><li>HTTP/1.1: Released in 1999, it is the most widely used version of HTTP. It introduced features like pipelining support, cache control, virtual hosting, and chunked transfer encoding. HTTP/1.1 significantly improved performance and efficiency.</li><li>SPDY: SPDY was an experimental protocol developed by Google to improve web page loading speed. It introduced features like multiplexing, header compression, and server push. Some of SPDY's features were later incorporated into the HTTP/2 standard.</li><li>HTTP/2: Released in 2015, it was a major improvement over HTTP/1.1. It introduced a binary protocol, communication using frames, support for multiplexing, and the ability to send multiple requests and responses on a single connection. HTTP/2 also introduced header compression and server push, further enhancing performance and efficiency.</li><li>HTTP/3: HTTP/3 is the next-generation HTTP protocol based on the QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) protocol. QUIC is a UDP-based transport protocol designed to provide faster connection establishment and data transfer. HTTP/3 leverages the features of QUIC to offer faster loading speeds, improved security, and adaptability. HTTP/3 is still under development but has started gaining support in some browsers and servers.</li></ul>These versions and improvements have allowed the HTTP protocol to continuously adapt and meet the evolving needs of the internet, providing better performance, security, and user experience. The introduction of HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, in particular, has brought significant performance improvements and new features, driving the development and innovation of the web.<h2 id="What-is-HTTP/3?" id="What-is-HTTP/3?">What is HTTP/3?</h2>HTTP/3 is the latest version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the foundation of any data exchange on the Internet. HTTP/3 introduces several important improvements and optimizations over its predecessor, HTTP/2, aimed at enhancing webpage loading speed and overall network performance.A significant change in HTTP/3 is that it no longer uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as its underlying transport protocol. Instead, it has switched to Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC). QUIC is a transport protocol based on User Datagram Protocol (UDP), combining the reliability of TCP with the speed of UDP. QUIC also introduces new features such as built-in Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption, as well as improved congestion control and error recovery mechanisms.One of the main advantages of using QUIC is that it can reduce network latency. In TCP, establishing a new connection requires multiple round-trip communications, which increases network latency. In contrast, QUIC can establish a connection with a single round-trip, thereby reducing latency. Furthermore, QUIC supports multiplexing, meaning multiple requests can be sent in parallel over a single connection, further enhancing network performance.<figure class="image"><img src="https://d2908q01vomqb2.cloudfront.net/da4b9237bacccdf19c0760cab7aec4a8359010b0/2022/08/06/2022-cloudfront-quic-1.jpg" alt="新增功能– Amazon CloudFront 支持HTTP/3 | 亚马逊AWS官方博客"></figure>However, HTTP/3 also faces some challenges. As it is based on UDP, some network devices may block or limit UDP traffic, potentially affecting the deployment and performance of HTTP/3. Additionally, the implementation and optimization of HTTP/3 require more computational resources, which could increase server load.<h2 id="What-is-New-in-HTTP/3?" id="What-is-New-in-HTTP/3?">What is New in HTTP/3?</h2>HTTP/3 introduces several new features and improvements to provide a faster, more secure, and more reliable network communication experience. Here are some of the new features of HTTP/3:<ul><li>QUIC Protocol: HTTP/3 utilizes the QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) protocol as the underlying transport protocol. QUIC is a UDP-based transport protocol that offers faster connection establishment and data transmission, lower latency, and better adaptability and congestion control compared to TCP.</li><li>Fast Connection Establishment: HTTP/3 enables fast connection establishment through 0-RTT (Zero Round Trip Time) handshake. This allows clients to send data immediately on the first request if they have previously established a connection, reducing handshake latency.</li><li>Multiplexing: HTTP/3 supports multiplexing, allowing simultaneous transmission of multiple requests and responses over a single connection. This improves network utilization, reduces connection establishment and closure overhead, and enhances performance.</li><li>Low Latency: By minimizing the round trip time for connection establishment and recovery, the QUIC protocol in HTTP/3 reduces latency. This is particularly beneficial in high packet loss network environments, where HTTP/3 can maintain low latency.</li><li>Transport Layer Security: HTTP/3 incorporates Transport Layer Security (TLS), ensuring that all data is transmitted encrypted. This provides higher security and privacy protection, preventing data theft or tampering.</li><li>Congestion Control: The QUIC protocol in HTTP/3 employs advanced congestion control algorithms, adapting better to network congestion. This results in more stable transmission performance.</li></ul>These new features and improvements make HTTP/3 faster in connection establishment and data transmission, lower in latency, more adaptable to network conditions, and more secure with enhanced privacy protection. HTTP/3 represents a significant innovation as the next-generation internet transport protocol.<h2 id="HTTP/3-vs-HTTP/2" id="HTTP/3-vs-HTTP/2">HTTP/3 vs HTTP/2</h2>HTTP/3 and HTTP/2 are both versions of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which is used to transfer data on the World Wide Web. While HTTP/2 brought significant improvements over HTTP/1.1, HTTP/3 introduces new features and optimizations. Here is a comparison of the two:<h4>1. Transport Protocol</h4><ul><li>HTTP/2: Uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) as its transport protocol, which is reliable but can suffer from head-of-line (HOL) blocking, where a single lost packet can delay the transmission of subsequent packets.</li><li>HTTP/3: Uses QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) as its transport protocol, which is built on top of UDP (User Datagram Protocol). QUIC is designed to minimize latency and eliminate head-of-line blocking, resulting in faster and more efficient data transfer.</li></ul><h4>2. Connection Establishment</h4><ul><li>HTTP/2: Requires multiple round trips between the client and server to establish a connection, including the TCP handshake and TLS (Transport Layer Security) negotiation.</li><li>HTTP/3: QUIC allows for faster connection establishment by combining the connection and security handshakes into a single round trip, reducing latency.</li></ul><h4>3. Multiplexing</h4><ul><li>HTTP/2: Supports multiplexing, allowing multiple requests and responses to be sent over a single TCP connection simultaneously, reducing the need for multiple connections and improving performance.</li><li>HTTP/3: Also supports multiplexing but does so over QUIC, which eliminates head-of-line blocking issues and further improves performance.</li></ul><h4>4. Encryption</h4><ul><li>HTTP/2: Uses TLS for encryption, but it is not mandatory, and some connections might not be encrypted.</li><li>HTTP/3: Encryption is built into the QUIC protocol, making it mandatory for all connections, enhancing security and privacy.</li></ul><h4>5. Error Handling</h4><ul><li>HTTP/2: Errors in one stream can potentially affect other streams due to the shared TCP connection, causing performance issues.</li><li>HTTP/3: Errors are isolated to individual streams, as QUIC manages streams independently, improving error handling and reducing the impact of errors on other streams.</li></ul>In summary, HTTP/3 improves upon HTTP/2 by introducing the QUIC protocol, which provides faster connection establishment, eliminates head-of-line blocking, and enhances security with mandatory encryption. These improvements are expected to result in better performance and user experience on the web.<h2 id="HTTP/3-Compatibility" id="HTTP/3-Compatibility">HTTP/3 Compatibility</h2>HTTP/3 is currently available and being implemented by various organizations and internet companies. However, it is important to note that HTTP/3 is still in the development and adoption phase. The QUIC protocol, on which HTTP/3 is based, is being standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).Here is the support status for some major browsers and servers:Browser support:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Google Chrome: HTTP/3 is supported starting from Chrome version 79.</li><li>Mozilla Firefox: HTTP/3 is supported starting from Firefox version 78.</li><li>Microsoft Edge: HTTP/3 is supported starting from Edge version 92.</li></ul>Server support:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Nginx: HTTP/3 is supported starting from Nginx version 1.19.10.</li><li>Apache: Apache currently does not have official support for HTTP/3, but there are third-party modules (such as quiche) available to enable HTTP/3 support.</li></ul>It is important to note that while HTTP/3 is supported, its widespread adoption and support are still ongoing. Some older versions of browsers and servers may not support HTTP/3, so it is necessary to ensure that both the client and server support the protocol when using HTTP/3.Additionally, since HTTP/3 is based on the QUIC protocol, it requires support for the QUIC protocol in the network infrastructure (such as routers, firewalls, etc.) to function properly with HTTP/3. Over time, it is expected that support for HTTP/3 will become more widespread and mature.<h2 id="EdgeOne's-Support-for-HTTP/3" id="EdgeOne's-Support-for-HTTP/3" style="margin-left:0px;">EdgeOne's Support for HTTP/3</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">EdgeOne</a> now supports both HTTP/3 and QUIC protocols. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/55930">HTTP/3</a> provides faster connection establishment and data transmission speeds, supports multiplexing for simultaneous transmission of multiple requests and responses, and has made improvements in areas such as congestion control, header compression, etc., significantly reducing latency and waiting time, and improving website performance and user experience.&nbsp;

What is HTTP/3 and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is HTTP/3?

Zero-day attacks, a potentially devastating cyber threat that is extremely difficult to defend against, pose an ongoing threat to our cybersecurity. Zero-day attacks can not only lead to data breaches and system crashes but can also lead to serious financial losses and reputational damage. What's more, organizations can face regulatory liability if they fail to take proper precautions, further exacerbating the seriousness of this threat.In this article, we will explore the concept of zero-day attacks, their impact on organizations, and best practices for preventing and mitigating the risk of these attacks.<h2 id="What-is-a-Zero-Day-Attack?" id="What-is-a-Zero-Day-Attack?">What is a Zero-Day Attack?</h2>Zero-day attacks are attacks in which hackers exploit security flaws in software, hardware, or operating systems that have not yet been made public or fixed. This kind of vulnerability is called a zero-day vulnerability. The term "zero day" refers to the time that hackers have begun to exploit the vulnerability before developers have made it public that it exists and have begun to fix it. Before this, users and developers were unaware of the vulnerability and therefore unable to defend against it. This makes zero-day attacks a very dangerous cyber threat.<h3>What is a Zero-Day Vulnerability?</h3>A zero-day vulnerability, also known as a 0-day vulnerability, is an undisclosed security vulnerability in software, hardware, or firmware that may have been discovered and used by hackers to attack before it was discovered and fixed by the developer. The term "zero-day" refers to the fact that after the developer knows that the bug exists, the time to fix the bug is usually very short, and sometimes no time to fix it.Zero-day vulnerabilities are very dangerous because they can be used by hackers to craft zero-day attacks that can bypass conventional security safeguards such as firewalls and antivirus software, causing serious damage to a system.<h3><span style="background-color:hsl(0,0%,100%);color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">The Difference between Zero-Day Attacks and Other Cyber Attacks</h3>The main difference between zero-day attacks and other cyber attacks is that they exploit undisclosed or unfixed vulnerabilities, leaving defenders often defenseless when an attack occurs. Here are some of the key differences between zero-day attacks and other cyber attacks:<ul><li>Novelty of the vulnerability: Zero-day attacks exploit newly discovered vulnerabilities that have not been fixed, while other cyberattacks typically exploit vulnerabilities that are known and may have been fixed but have not been fixed by the user application.</li><li>Difficulty of defense: Because the vulnerabilities exploited by zero-day attacks are not made public, defenders are often unable to respond immediately when an attack occurs. For other cyber attacks, because the vulnerabilities are known, they can be defended by applying patches or other defensive measures.</li><li>Potential impact of attacks: Because zero-day attacks are difficult to prevent, their potential for damage is often greater than other cyber attacks. Zero-day attacks can lead to massive data breaches and potentially even damage to critical infrastructure.</li><li>Skill level of the attacker: Executing a zero-day attack usually requires a high level of skill, as new vulnerabilities need to be found and exploited. Other cyberattacks, such as phishing attacks or malware attacks, may not require a high level of skill and simply take advantage of the user's ignorance or negligence.</li></ul><h3>Example of a Zero-Day Attack</h3>2021: Chrome zero-day vulnerabilityIn 2021, Google's Chrome suffered a series of zero-day threats that led to Chrome releasing updates. The vulnerability stems from a bug in the V8 JavaScript engine used by web browsers.2020: ZoomA bug has been discovered in the popular video conferencing platform. This example of a zero-day attack involves a hacker remotely accessing a user's PC running an older version of Windows. If the target is an administrator, a hacker can completely take over their machine and access all their files.2020: Apple iOSApple's iOS is often described as the most secure of the major smartphone platforms. In 2020, however, it fell victim to at least two sets of iOS zero-day vulnerabilities, including one that allowed an attacker to remotely hack into an iPhone.<h2 id="Effects-of-Zero-Day-Attacks" id="Effects-of-Zero-Day-Attacks">Effects of Zero-Day Attacks</h2><h3>The Impact of Zero-Day Attacks on Businesses and Organizations</h3>The consequences of zero-day attacks on businesses and organizations can be very serious, which can be seen in the following ways:<ul><li>Financial losses: Zero-day attacks can result in the theft of a company's data, including financial information, customer information, etc., which can lead to direct financial losses. In addition, organizations may need to invest significant resources to fix vulnerabilities, restore systems, compensate for data loss, and perform subsequent security hardening, which can impose additional financial burdens.</li><li>Reputational damage: If a business suffers a zero-day attack, especially if this results in a breach of customer data, the reputation of the business can be severely damaged. Customers may lose trust in the enterprise as a result, leading to customer loss. Restoring a reputation often takes a lot of time and resources.</li><li>Legal and regulatory penalties: Many countries and regions have strict data protection regulations. Companies can face legal and regulatory penalties if they fail to protect user data effectively. In Europe, for example, under GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), companies can be fined up to 4% of their annual global revenue if they fail to properly protect user data.</li></ul><h3>The Personal Consequences of Zero-Day Attacks</h3>The personal consequences of zero-day attacks can also be very serious, which can be seen in the following ways:<ul><li>Identity Theft: If an attacker gains access to your personal information, such as your social security number, bank account information, driver's license number, etc., through a zero-day attack, they may use this information to commit identity theft. This can cause your credit score to suffer and you may even face legal problems.</li><li>Loss of Personal Data: Zero-day attacks can result in your data being stolen or deleted. This could include your photos, documents, emails, etc. If you do not back up this data, it may be permanently lost.</li><li>Financial Impact: If an attacker gains access to your financial information, such as bank account information, credit card information, etc., through a zero-day attack, they could make illegal transactions that could result in your financial loss. In addition, you may need to invest time and money to recover your identity information and deal with issues such as credit card fraud.</li></ul><h2 id="Prevention-and-Mitigation-Strategies" id="Prevention-and-Mitigation-Strategies">Prevention and Mitigation Strategies</h2><h3>Best Practices for Organizations</h3>Best practices for organizations to prevent and mitigate zero-day attacks include:<ul><li>Regular software updates and patch management: Organizations should regularly update and upgrade their systems and applications to apply the latest security patches. This can help prevent attackers from exploiting known vulnerabilities.</li><li>Employee training and awareness: The organization shall conduct regular safety training for employees to improve their safety awareness. Employees should know how to identify and deal with possible security threats, such as phishing emails, malicious links, etc.</li><li>Network segmentation and access control: By segmenting the network, organizations can limit the movement of attackers within the network. At the same time, by implementing access controls, organizations can ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive resources.</li><li>Intrusion detection and Prevention systems: These systems can help organizations detect and block possible attacks. They can monitor network traffic and identify unusual behavior, thereby helping to prevent zero-day attacks.</li></ul><h3>Best Practices for Individuals</h3><span style="background-color:hsl(0,0%,100%);color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">For individuals, the best practices to prevent and mitigate zero-day attacks include:<ul><li>Use strong, unique passwords: You should use strong passwords and use unique passwords for each account. This can help prevent attackers from gaining access to your account by guessing or brute-force cracking your password.</li><li>Regular software updates: You should update and upgrade your devices and apps regularly to apply the latest security patches. This can help prevent attackers from exploiting known vulnerabilities.</li><li>Careful handling of attachments and links in emails: You should be careful with attachments and links in emails, especially those from unknown sources. These attachments and links may contain malware that could cause your device to become infected.</li><li>Use security software and firewall: You should use security software, such as anti-virus software, as well as a firewall, to protect your device. These tools can help you detect and block possible attacks.</li></ul><h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2>Understanding zero-day attacks is important because they represent a serious cybersecurity threat. Zero-day attacks can lead to serious consequences, including data breaches, system crashes, financial losses, reputational damage, and possibly even legal and regulatory penalties. For individuals, zero-day attacks can result in identity theft, loss of personal data, and financial losses.Therefore, both organizations and individuals need to take measures to defend against zero-day attacks. This includes regularly updating and upgrading systems and applications, increasing security awareness, implementing access controls, using security tools, etc.As we become more reliant on digital technology, our data and systems are becoming more vulnerable to attack. Zero-day attacks are just one of many cyber threats, but their potential for destruction makes it imperative to be vigilant against them. Cybersecurity is an issue that we must all prioritize. Only by taking proactive preventive measures can we effectively defend against cyber threats, including zero-day attacks.<h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne" id="Tencent-EdgeOne">Tencent EdgeOne</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> Global Mass Intelligence Network protects and accelerates your applications, websites, and APIs. Tencent EdgeOne protects your website, applications, and APIs with intelligent identification to block attacks, and mitigate DDoS threats, and uses AI and bot strategy engines to analyze network, bot, and CC attacks.<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/9c3aca2d-2646-4484-b9cb-7dba06abb9e8.png" alt="edgeone.ai_products_edgeone (2).png"></figure>

What is a Zero-Day Attack and How to Prevent? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a Zero-Day Attack?

What is a Web Application Firewall (WAF)?

Choosing the Right WAF for Your Organization

A Web Application Firewall (WAF) is a specialized firewall that protects web applications from cyber threats. It inspects, filters, and blocks malicious HTTP traffic, safeguarding web applications.With the increasing complexity and frequency of cyber attacks, WAFs have become an essential tool for protecting web applications. They can prevent a variety of cyber attacks, such as SQL injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.In this article, we will discuss the role of WAFs in securing web applications, their key features, and how to choose the right WAF for your organization.<h2 id="What-is-a-Web-Application-Firewall-(WAF)?" id="What-is-a-Web-Application-Firewall-(WAF)?">What is a Web Application Firewall (WAF)?</h2>The primary purpose and function of a Web Application Firewall (WAF) is to safeguard web applications from a variety of cyber threats. It accomplishes this by inspecting, filtering, and blocking malicious HTTP traffic, thereby preventing it from reaching the web application.&nbsp;Unlike traditional firewalls, which primarily block attacks based on IP addresses and ports, WAFs are designed to thwart application-based attacks. This is because WAFs can understand and interpret HTTP/HTTPS protocols, enabling them to identify and block more complex attacks such as SQL injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In essence, while traditional firewalls serve as a first line of defense against network layer attacks, WAFs provide a more nuanced and sophisticated layer of protection, specifically targeting application layer vulnerabilities.<h2 id="Key-Features-of-WAFs" id="Key-Features-of-WAFs">Key Features of WAFs</h2><ol><li>Traffic Filtering and Inspection: A WAF is capable of filtering and inspecting all incoming and outgoing HTTP/HTTPS traffic to an application. It can identify and block malicious traffic, such as SQL injections, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks, and more, thereby protecting the application from these threats.</li><li>Customizable Security Rules and Policies: WAFs allow users to customize rules and policies to cater to specific applications and threats. This means that a WAF can be adjusted based on new threats and vulnerabilities. For instance, if a new attack pattern is discovered, a new rule can be created to block that attack.</li><li>Integration with Other Security Tools and Systems: WAFs can typically be integrated with other security tools, such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems, to provide comprehensive security protection. This integration capability allows security teams to monitor and manage all security events from a unified platform.</li><li>Real-Time Monitoring and Reporting: WAFs provide real-time traffic monitoring and reporting capabilities. This allows security teams to understand the security status of an application in real-time, and promptly identify and respond to threats. Additionally, the reporting function can help teams analyze security events, understand the source, type, and impact of attacks, and improve security strategies accordingly.</li><li>Scalability and Flexibility: As applications grow and change, a WAF can easily scale to meet new demands. Moreover, WAFs typically offer flexible deployment options, allowing them to be deployed on-premises, in the cloud, or in hybrid environments to suit different application scenarios.</li></ol><h2 id="Choosing-the-Right-WAF-for-Your-Organization" id="Choosing-the-Right-WAF-for-Your-Organization">Choosing the Right WAF for Your Organization</h2>A Web Application Firewall (WAF) is a powerful tool that can protect your online applications from a variety of cyber attacks. However, choosing the right WAF is not always straightforward. Here are some key factors you should consider when selecting a WAF:<ol><li>Deployment Options: WAFs can be deployed in the cloud, on-premises, or a hybrid manner. Cloud-based WAFs offer seamless scalability and global coverage, while on-premises WAFs provide greater customization and control. Hybrid deployments combine the advantages of both. You should choose the deployment option that best suits your business needs and security strategy.</li><li>Ease of Integration with Existing Infrastructure: The ideal WAF should integrate easily with your existing security infrastructure, including Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems, and more. This can enhance security performance and simplify security management processes.</li><li>Customization Capabilities: Different organizations may face different threats and therefore require different protection strategies. A robust WAF should offer high customization capabilities, allowing you to create and modify security rules according to your needs. This ensures that your WAF can effectively defend against specific threats to your applications.</li><li>Cost and Maintenance Requirements: When choosing a WAF, you need to consider the total cost of ownership, including purchase cost, implementation cost, maintenance cost, and training cost. Additionally, you should consider the maintenance requirements of the WAF. The ideal WAF should be easy to manage and maintain and offer strong support and service.</li></ol>Common Web Application Firewall (WAF) vendors include Cloudflare WAF, Tencent Edgeone WAF, Akamai WAF, Imperva WAF, and more.<h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" style="margin-left:auto;">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> provides a robust Web Application Firewall (WAF) as part of its security solutions. Here are some key features of the WAF:<ul><li>Protection Against Diverse Threats: The WAF protects against a wide range of web application threats, including SQL injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and other common web exploits.</li><li>DDoS Mitigation: Along with the WAF, Tencent EdgeOne also provides DDoS mitigation services. This helps to protect your applications from Distributed Denial of Service attacks, which can cause significant disruption.</li><li>Global Coverage: Based on Tencent's global edge nodes, the WAF provides global coverage. This means your applications are protected no matter where your users are located.</li><li>Integration with Other Services: The WAF seamlessly integrates with other services provided by Tencent EdgeOne, such as CDN acceleration and DNS services. This provides a comprehensive solution for improving your applications' performance and security.</li><li>Suitable for Various Industries: Tencent EdgeOne's WAF safeguards diverse industries such as e-commerce, retail, finance service, content and news, and gaming, improving their user experience.&nbsp;</li></ul>You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is a WAF and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a WAF?

What is the Difference between SSL and TLS?

In today's digital era, ensuring the security of network communication is of utmost importance. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are two widely used protocols for encrypting and securing data during transmission over networks. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are encryption protocols used to secure data transmission over networks. They establish a secure communication channel, ensuring that data remains confidential, unaltered, and protected from unauthorized access during transmission.<figure class="image"><img src="https://www.ipxo.com/app/uploads/2022/04/Featured-1-820x460.jpg" alt="SSL vs. TLS: A Beginner's Guide to Security Protocols - IPXO"></figure><h2 id="What-are-SSL-and-TTL?" id="What-are-SSL-and-TTL?" style="margin-left:0px;">What are SSL and TTL?</h2>SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a cryptographic protocol that provides secure communication over a computer network, primarily on the Internet. It ensures that the data transmitted between a client (such as a web browser) and a server (such as a website) is encrypted and protected from eavesdropping, tampering, or forgery. SSL has been largely replaced by its successor, TLS (Transport Layer Security), but the term SSL is still commonly used to refer to both protocols.TTL (Time to Live) is a concept used in various networking technologies, including IP (Internet Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System). It represents the duration for which a piece of information, such as a packet or a DNS record, is considered valid before it is discarded or refreshed. In IP, TTL is a value that indicates the maximum number of hops (intermediate devices, such as routers) that a packet can traverse before being discarded. In DNS, TTL specifies the time in seconds that a DNS resolver should cache a DNS record before querying the DNS server again for updated information.<h2 id="How-do-SSL-and-TLS-Work?" id="How-do-SSL-and-TLS-Work?" style="margin-left:0px;">How do SSL and TLS Work?</h2>TLS (Transport Layer Security) and SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) are encryption protocols used to secure network communication. They share similar working principles, which are explained below.The working principles of TLS and SSL are as follows:<ul><li>Handshake Phase:</li></ul><ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>The client verifies the validity and authenticity of the server's digital certificate. This includes checking if the certificate's signature is valid if it has expired, and if it matches the server's domain name.</li><li>If the verification fails, the client may issue a warning or terminate the connection.</li></ol><ul><li>Certificate Verification:</li></ul><ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>The client verifies the validity and authenticity of the server's digital certificate. This includes checking if the certificate's signature is valid if it has expired, and if it matches the server's domain name.</li><li>If the verification fails, the client may issue a warning or terminate the connection.</li></ol><ul><li>Key Exchange:</li></ul><ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>The client generates a random symmetric key and encrypts it using the server's public key.</li><li>The server decrypts the encrypted key using its private key.</li></ol><ul><li>Data Transmission:</li></ul><ol><li>The client and server use the negotiated symmetric key for data encryption and decryption.</li><li>Data is encrypted using the symmetric key during transmission, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.</li></ol>TLS and SSL use a combination of asymmetric encryption and symmetric encryption. Asymmetric encryption is used to securely exchange the symmetric key, while symmetric encryption is used for actual data transmission. This combination provides higher efficiency and security.<h2 id="How-do-SSL-and-TLS-Protect-Data?" id="How-do-SSL-and-TLS-Protect-Data?">How do SSL and TLS Protect Data?</h2>TLS (Transport Layer Security) and SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protect data through the following mechanisms:<ul><li>Encryption: TLS and SSL use encryption algorithms to encrypt data, making it unreadable during transmission. This means that even if someone intercepts the data packets, they cannot directly access the sensitive information. Encryption ensures data confidentiality and only the intended recipient with the correct key can decrypt and read the data.</li><li>Authentication: TLS and SSL use digital certificates to authenticate the identities of the communicating parties. The server presents a digital certificate to prove its identity and provides a public key for the client to use. The client can verify the validity and authenticity of the certificate, ensuring communication with the correct server and preventing man-in-the-middle attacks.</li><li>Integrity Protection: TLS and SSL use Message Authentication Codes (MAC) or digital signatures to protect data integrity. During data transmission, a MAC or digital signature is computed for the data, allowing the recipient to verify if the data has been tampered with. If any modifications are detected, the recipient rejects the tampered data.</li><li>Key Exchange: TLS and SSL use asymmetric encryption algorithms for secure key exchange to share a symmetric key. Asymmetric encryption algorithms use a public key and a private key, where the public key is used to encrypt the symmetric key, and the private key is used to decrypt it. This ensures that only the intended recipient with the correct private key can decrypt the symmetric key and use it for encryption and decryption of data.</li></ul>Through these security mechanisms, TLS and SSL ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and authentication during transmission. This makes network communication more secure, mitigating risks of eavesdropping, tampering, or impersonation of data.<h2 id="What-is-the-Difference-between-SSL-and-TLS?" id="What-is-the-Difference-between-SSL-and-TLS?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is the Difference between SSL and TLS?</h2>The main differences between TLS (Transport Layer Security) and SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) are as follows:<ul><li>Versions: SSL was the earliest secure protocol, initially developed by Netscape. Over time, different versions of SSL were released, such as SSL 2.0 and SSL 3.0. However, SSL 3.0 has been deprecated due to security vulnerabilities. TLS is the successor of SSL, with versions including TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, TLS 1.2, and TLS 1.3. TLS 1.3 is the latest and most secure version.</li><li>Security: The security of TLS and SSL largely depends on their versions. TLS 1.3 offers stronger security compared to earlier versions and SSL, incorporating more robust encryption algorithms and stricter security protocols. TLS 1.3 also addresses security vulnerabilities present in earlier versions.</li><li>Handshake Process: The handshake process in TLS and SSL has been improved in TLS 1.3 to enhance performance and security. The handshake process in TLS 1.3 is simplified, reducing round trips and supporting zero round-trip time (0-RTT) handshake, thereby speeding up the connection establishment.</li><li>Supported Algorithms: TLS and SSL support different encryption algorithms and key exchange methods. TLS 1.3 enforces the use of more secure encryption algorithms such as AES-GCM and ChaCha20-Poly1305, and no longer supports some weaker algorithms.</li></ul>Despite these differences, TLS and SSL share the same goals and basic principles of protecting network communication through encryption and authentication. TLS is widely used, while SSL is gradually being phased out as TLS provides stronger and more secure protection mechanisms.<h2 id="Should-I-Choose-SSL-or-TLS?" id="Should-I-Choose-SSL-or-TLS?">Should I Choose SSL or TLS?</h2>In modern network communication, it is recommended to use TLS (Transport Layer Security) instead of SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). Here are a few reasons to choose TLS:<ul><li>Security: The latest versions of TLS (such as TLS 1.3) provide stronger security and address some of the security vulnerabilities present in SSL. TLS 1.3 incorporates stronger encryption algorithms and stricter security protocols, offering a higher level of protection.</li><li>Compatibility: Most modern browsers and applications have already transitioned to TLS and are gradually phasing out support for SSL. Using TLS ensures compatibility with the latest security standards and better interoperability.</li><li>Performance: TLS 1.3 has improved the handshake process, reducing round trips and speeding up connection establishment. It also supports zero round-trip time (0-RTT) handshake, further enhancing connection speed.</li><li>Future development: TLS is the successor to SSL and is a more modern and continuously evolving protocol. The latest versions of TLS will continue to be improved and enhanced to meet evolving security needs.</li></ul>However, in certain specific cases, there may still be a need to use SSL, such as when communicating with older systems or devices that only support older SSL versions. Nevertheless, if there is a choice, it is recommended to use TLS for higher levels of security and performance.<h2 id="EdgeOne's-Support-for-SSL-and-TLS" id="EdgeOne's-Support-for-SSL-and-TLS">EdgeOne's Support for SSL and TLS</h2>When <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54203">HTTPS</a> access is enabled for your website, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">EdgeOne</a> supports multiple <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54153">SSL/TLS</a> versions to ensure compatibility with different user terminals by default. Normally, you do not need to modify this configuration. However, if your website requires a high level of security and you need to prevent users from accessing your website through less secure SSL/TLS versions, you can customize this configuration by specifying the required SSL/TLS versions.

SSL vs TLS: What's the Difference? - Tencent EdgeOne

SSL vs TLS: What's the Difference?

What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

With the continuous development of cloud computing technology, more and more enterprises are starting to migrate their businesses to the cloud. Cloud computing can provide more flexible, efficient, and secure services, while also reducing the costs and risks for enterprises. In cloud computing, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are three different forms of cloud services that can provide different levels of cloud computing services to meet different enterprise needs.&nbsp;<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/36893089-3637-4730-8cc6-a064e190af3c.jpeg" alt="48c91e3f7fe6a8715da122480a248ca1.jpeg"><h2 id="What-is-Infrastructure-as-a-Service-(IaaS)?" id="What-is-Infrastructure-as-a-Service-(IaaS)?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Definition</h3>IaaS is a type of cloud computing service that provides infrastructure-level computing resources, including virtual machines, storage, and networking. IaaS services are typically provided by cloud service providers, and users can access these services over the Internet and use them flexibly as needed.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Uses</h3>The main purpose of IaaS is to provide users with infrastructure-level computing resources so that they can quickly build and deploy applications, websites, and services. Users can use IaaS services to create virtual machines, store data, manage networks, and more, enabling fast, flexible, and scalable infrastructure support.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Advantages</h3><ul><li>Flexibility: IaaS services provide flexible computing resources, allowing users to increase or decrease resources as needed to accommodate changes in business needs.</li><li>Scalability: IaaS services can quickly scale computing resources to meet the needs of rapid business growth.</li><li>Cost-effectiveness: IaaS services can reduce users' IT costs because users can use computing resources flexibly as needed, without having to purchase and maintain expensive hardware devices.</li><li>Reliability: IaaS services typically have high availability and fault tolerance, ensuring that users' businesses do not interrupt during failures or disasters.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Disadvantages</h3><ul><li>Security: IaaS services may pose security risks because users' data and applications are stored on third-party cloud service provider servers.</li><li>Dependency: IaaS services rely on the internet and cloud service provider infrastructure, and users need to rely on cloud service providers to ensure service availability and performance.</li><li>Management complexity: IaaS services may require users to have certain technical skills to manage and configure computing resources, and if users lack the relevant skills, additional training and support may be required.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Examples</h3><ol><li>Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS is currently one of the largest IaaS service providers, providing a wide range of computing resources, including virtual machines, storage, databases, networks, and more.&nbsp;</li><li>Microsoft Azure: Azure is Microsoft's cloud computing platform, providing rich IaaS services, including virtual machines, storage, networks, and more.</li><li><a href="https://www.tencentcloud.com/products/cvm">Tencent CVM</a>: Tencent Cloud Virtual Machine (CVM) is a scalable cloud computing service that frees you from estimation of resource usage and upfront investment.</li></ol><h2 id="What-is-Platform-as-a-Service-(PaaS)?" id="What-is-Platform-as-a-Service-(PaaS)?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is Platform as a Service (PaaS)?</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Definition</h3>PaaS is a type of cloud computing service that provides platform-level support for application development and deployment, including development tools, runtime environments, databases, message queues, and more. PaaS services are typically provided by cloud service providers, and users can access these services over the Internet and use them flexibly as needed.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Uses</h3>The main purpose of PaaS is to provide users with platform-level support for application development and deployment so that they can quickly build and deploy applications, websites, and services. Users can use PaaS services to choose programming languages, development tools, runtime environments, databases, and more, enabling fast, flexible, and scalable application development and deployment.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Advantages</h3><ul><li>Simplified development: PaaS services provide rich development tools and environments, helping users quickly build applications and reducing the complexity and difficulty of development.</li><li>Increased efficiency: PaaS services provide automated deployment and management functions, helping users quickly deploy and manage applications, and improving development efficiency.</li><li>Cost-effectiveness: PaaS services can reduce users' IT costs because users can use computing resources and development tools flexibly as needed, without having to purchase and maintain expensive hardware devices and software tools.</li><li>Reliability: PaaS services typically have high availability and fault tolerance, ensuring that users' applications are not interrupted during failures or disasters.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Disadvantages</h3><ul><li>Dependency: PaaS services rely on the internet and cloud service provider infrastructure, and users must rely on cloud service providers to ensure service availability and performance.</li><li>Management complexity: PaaS services may require users to have certain technical skills to manage and configure development tools, runtime environments, and databases, and if users lack the relevant skills, additional training and support may be required.</li><li>Restrictions: PaaS services may have some restrictions and constraints, such as restrictions on programming languages, development tools, runtime environments, and more. Users need to choose the appropriate PaaS services according to their needs.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Examples</h3><ol><li>Google App Engine: Google App Engine is Google's PaaS service, providing a comprehensive set of development tools and runtime environments, supporting multiple programming languages and frameworks, such as Python, Java, Go, and more.</li><li>Microsoft Azure App Service: Azure App Service is Microsoft's PaaS service, providing rich development tools and runtime environments, supporting multiple programming languages and frameworks, such as .NET, Java, Node.js, and more.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/overview">Tencent EdgeOne</a>: Tencent EdgeOne provides acceleration and security solutions based on Tencent's edge computing nodes to protect e-commerce and retail, financial services, content information and games, and other industries to improve user experience.</li></ol><h2 id="What-is-Software-as-a-Service-(SaaS)?" id="What-is-Software-as-a-Service-(SaaS)?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Definition</h3>SaaS is a type of cloud computing service that provides internet-based software applications. Users can access these applications over the internet and use them flexibly as needed. SaaS services are typically provided by cloud service providers, and users can choose and use these applications as needed.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Uses</h3>The main purpose of SaaS is to provide users with internet-based software applications so that they can quickly use and manage these applications. Users can use SaaS services to manage email, office documents, customer relationship management, accounting, project management, and more, enabling fast, flexible, and scalable software support.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Advantages</h3><ul><li>Accessibility: SaaS services provide easy access to software applications over the internet, enabling users to use them from anywhere, anytime, and on any device.</li><li>Scalability: SaaS services can quickly scale software applications to meet the needs of rapid business growth.</li><li>Cost-effectiveness: SaaS services can reduce users' IT costs because users can use software applications flexibly as needed, without having to purchase and maintain expensive software licenses and hardware devices.</li><li>Reliability: SaaS services typically have high availability and fault tolerance, ensuring that users' software applications do not interrupt during failures or disasters.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Disadvantages</h3><ul><li>Security: SaaS services may pose security risks because users' data and applications are stored on third-party cloud service provider servers.</li><li>Dependency: SaaS services rely on the Internet and cloud service provider infrastructure, and users must rely on cloud service providers to ensure service availability and performance.</li><li>Customization: SaaS services may have limitations on customization, and users need to choose the appropriate SaaS services according to their needs.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Examples</h3><ol><li>Salesforce: Salesforce is a popular SaaS provider, providing customer relationship management (CRM) software applications, including sales, marketing, and service management.</li><li>Office 365: Office 365 is a SaaS offering from Microsoft, providing a suite of office productivity applications, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and more.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/mediaone">Tencent VOD</a>: Tencent Video on Demand (VOD) provides one-stop VPaaS (Video Platform as a Service) solutions for audio/video capture, upload, storage, automated transcoding, and accelerated playback, as well as media asset management and audio/video communications.</li></ol><h2 id="Comparison-of-IaaS,-PaaS,-and-SaaS" id="Comparison-of-IaaS,-PaaS,-and-SaaS">Comparison of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS</h2>IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are different forms of cloud computing services that can provide different levels of cloud computing services to meet different business needs. When choosing which cloud computing service to use, businesses need to choose based on their own needs and circumstances.<ul><li>IaaS is suitable for businesses that need to manage and use infrastructure more flexibly, such as those that need to perform large-scale computing, storage, and network processing.</li><li>PaaS is suitable for businesses that need to develop and deploy applications more conveniently, such as those that need to quickly develop and deploy web applications.</li><li>SaaS is suitable for businesses that need to use applications more conveniently, such as those that need to use office software and CRM applications.</li></ul>In the era of cloud computing, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are three different forms of cloud services that can provide different levels of cloud computing services to meet different business needs. Companies need to choose which cloud computing service to use based on their own needs and circumstances to achieve better business outcomes and cost-effectiveness.<h2 id="What-Can-EdgeOne-Do-for-You?" id="What-Can-EdgeOne-Do-for-You?">What Can EdgeOne Do for You?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/edgeone">Tencent EdgeOne</a> Platform offers a comprehensive suite of services in both PaaS and SaaS categories. As a PaaS, it provides a one-stop CDN service, including network acceleration and security, along with <a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/function">Edge Function</a> services. In the realm of SaaS, it offers <a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/mediaone">Video on Demand (VOD)</a> features, such as video uploading, storage, transcoding, and playback acceleration. These features collectively make Tencent EdgeOne a versatile and robust platform for diverse cloud-based needs. Please <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: What's the Difference? - Tencent EdgeOne

IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS: Understanding the Differences 

Definition of Public Cloud and Private Cloud

Comparison between Public Cloud and Private Cloud

How to Choose between Public Cloud and Private Cloud?

Hybrid Cloud: Utilizing Public and Private Clouds Simultaneously

With the rapid development of cloud computing technology, businesses and individuals are increasingly relying on cloud services for data storage, running applications, and delivering services. According to different business models, cloud computing can be divided into three main categories: public cloud, private cloud, and hybrid cloud. These three models form the foundation for building and consuming cloud infrastructure.<h2 id="Definition-of-Public-Cloud-and-Private-Cloud" id="Definition-of-Public-Cloud-and-Private-Cloud">Definition of Public Cloud and Private Cloud</h2><ul><li>Public Cloud: A public cloud is a type of cloud computing where a service provider makes resources, such as applications and storage, available to the general public over the Internet. Public cloud services may be free or offered through a variety of subscription or on-demand pricing schemes, including a pay-per-usage model. Examples of public clouds include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Tencent Cloud, and Google Cloud Platform.</li><li>Private Cloud: A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a single business or organization. A private cloud can be physically located at the organization's on-site data center, or it can be hosted by a third-party service provider. But in a private cloud, the services and infrastructure are always maintained on a private network and the hardware and software are dedicated solely to that organization.</li></ul><h2 id="Comparison-between-Public-Cloud-and-Private-Cloud" id="Comparison-between-Public-Cloud-and-Private-Cloud">Comparison between Public Cloud and Private Cloud</h2><ul><li>Ownership and Access: Public clouds, owned and operated by third-party service providers, provide resources such as storage and servers over the Internet to the general public. On the other hand, private clouds are dedicated to a single organization, with the infrastructure hosted either internally or externally and maintained on a private network.</li><li>Cost: Public clouds typically offer a more cost-effective solution due to their pay-as-you-go model. Users only pay for the services they utilize, eliminating the need for investing in and maintaining their IT infrastructure. Conversely, private clouds can be more costly as they necessitate companies to purchase, manage, and maintain their IT infrastructure.</li><li>Security and Compliance: Public clouds, despite having robust security measures in place, may not be the best fit for storing sensitive or regulated data due to their public nature. On the other hand, private clouds provide greater control over data and security, making them a more suitable choice for organizations dealing with sensitive data or those subject to stringent compliance regulations.</li><li>Scalability and Flexibility: Public clouds provide exceptional scalability and flexibility, allowing for quick adjustments of resources based on demand. Although private clouds also offer a degree of scalability, it's typically constrained by the physical limitations of the private data center.</li><li>Customization: Public clouds, designed to accommodate a broad range of users, offer less customization. In contrast, private clouds can be tailored to meet an organization's specific needs, providing a more bespoke environment.</li></ul><h2 id="How-to-Choose-between-Public-Cloud-and-Private-Cloud?" id="How-to-Choose-between-Public-Cloud-and-Private-Cloud?">How to Choose between Public Cloud and Private Cloud?</h2><ul><li>Data Sensitivity and Compliance Requirements: If your organization handles sensitive data or is subject to strict compliance regulations, a private cloud might be a better choice due to its enhanced control over data and security.</li><li>Scalability and Flexibility: If your organization requires high scalability and flexibility, a public cloud could be more suitable as it allows for quick adjustments of resources based on demand. However, keep in mind that private clouds can also offer scalability, though it's often limited by the physical constraints of the data center.</li><li>Customization Needs: If your organization has specific needs that require a tailored environment, a private cloud might be the better option as it offers more customization. On the other hand, if your needs are more general and can be met by standard offerings, a public cloud could be sufficient.</li><li>Cost Considerations: Public clouds typically have a pay-as-you-go model which can be more cost-effective, especially for smaller businesses or startups. Private clouds, while potentially more expensive up front, may offer better value in the long run for larger organizations with specific needs.</li><li>Resource Availability: Managing a private cloud requires a certain level of IT expertise and resources. If your organization lacks these, a public cloud, which is managed by the provider, might be a more practical choice.</li></ul><h2 id="Hybrid-Cloud:-Utilizing-Public-and-Private-Clouds-Simultaneously" id="Hybrid-Cloud:-Utilizing-Public-and-Private-Clouds-Simultaneously">Hybrid Cloud: Utilizing Public and Private Clouds Simultaneously</h2>Yes, it is possible to utilize both public and private clouds simultaneously. This approach is known as a hybrid cloud model.In a hybrid cloud model, an organization uses a private cloud for sensitive, critical operations or where they require more control, while the public cloud is used for high-volume, less sensitive operations like web-based email.The hybrid cloud model offers the best of both worlds. It provides the flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness of the public cloud, while also offering the increased control and security of a private cloud. It also allows for more efficient resource allocation, as workloads can be moved between public and private clouds as needs and costs fluctuate.<h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> provides acceleration and security solutions based on Tencent's edge computing nodes to protect e-commerce and retail, financial services, content information, games, and other industries to improve user experience.<ul><li>Global CDN Acceleration: With globally distributed edge nodes, Tencent Cloud EdgeOne offers CDN acceleration to ensure that users can access your content quickly, regardless of their geographical location.</li><li>Security Services: Tencent EdgeOne prioritizes security, offering comprehensive edge security services. This includes features such as DDoS mitigation, web protection, and bot management to protect your network and data.</li><li>Bot Behavior Analysis: EdgeOne integrates with the Tencent Cloud bot program management feature. This technology analyzes and builds models for all user request behaviors for intelligent identification and better user experience.</li><li>User Experience Improvement: By leveraging edge computing, Tencent EdgeOne can process data closer to where it is created, reducing latency, and improving response times. This significantly enhances the user experience, making it particularly beneficial for industries that rely heavily on real-time interactions, such as gaming and financial services.</li></ul>You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

Public Cloud vs Private Cloud - Tencent EdgeOne

Public Cloud vs Private Cloud: How to Choose?

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

EdgeOne: Enhancing Cloud Security and Performance

<h2 id="Welcome-to-the-Cloud-Era" id="Welcome-to-the-Cloud-Era" style="margin-left:0px;">Welcome to the Cloud Era</h2>In the modern digital landscape, the term "cloud" has transcended its physical meaning and taken on a whole new significance in the technology sector. The cloud is not a physical entity but a metaphorical space where data, software, and services are stored and managed. It signifies a paradigm shift in the way we store, access, and process information. Essentially, the cloud is an extension of the internet, offering enhanced complexity and functionality, and providing a broad range of services vital to both personal and professional realms.At its core, the cloud is a network of remote servers managed by various service providers and hosted on the Internet. These servers are located in data centers across different geographical regions. Cloud computing allows users and companies to access computing resources without the need for on-premises physical servers. This concept is similar to utility electricity provision—instead of generating your own power, you can simply connect to the grid and utilize the resources you need.<h2 id="Types-of-Cloud-Service" id="Types-of-Cloud-Service" style="margin-left:0px;">Types of Cloud Service</h2>The cloud ecosystem is diverse, offering a spectrum of services designed to meet a variety of needs and preferences:<ol><li>Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): As the foundational level of cloud computing, IaaS allows users to rent IT infrastructure components such as servers, virtual machines, storage, and networks on a pay-as-you-go basis. This model offers the highest level of control, enabling users to configure and manage resources flexibly.</li><li>Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): PaaS provides a platform for developing, testing, deploying, and managing software applications. It abstracts the underlying infrastructure, offering tools and environments that simplify the application development process without the need to manage infrastructure complexities.</li><li>Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): SaaS is the most prevalent form of cloud computing for end-users, delivering software applications over the internet, typically on a subscription basis. Cloud providers host and manage the applications and underlying infrastructure, with users accessing the software through web browsers or dedicated apps.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/serverless">Serverless&nbsp;Computing</a>: Aligning with PaaS, serverless computing enables the development and execution of applications without the burden of server management. These architectures are event-driven, scalable, and resource-efficient, consuming compute resources only when specific functions are triggered.</li></ol><h2 id="The-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Cloud-Computing" id="The-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Cloud-Computing">The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing</h2><h3>Advantages of Cloud Computing</h3><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">The widespread industry adoption of cloud services is driven by their numerous advantages:<ul><li>Accessibility: <span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">Cloud services offer the freedom to access data and applications from any location with an internet connection, providing unparalleled flexibility.</li><li>Scalability: <span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">Users have the power to scale resources up or down according to demand, ensuring they only pay for what they use.</li><li>Cost-Effectiveness: <span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">By reducing the need for large initial investments in hardware and ongoing maintenance, cloud services offer significant cost savings.</li><li>Reliability: <span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">Reputable cloud providers ensure high levels of reliability and uptime, with data redundancy across multiple locations.</li><li>Innovation: The cloud facilitates the swift deployment of emerging technologies and services, aiding businesses in maintaining competitiveness and adaptability.</li></ul><h3>Disadvantages of Cloud Computing</h3>Despite its benefits, cloud computing also presents some challenges:<ul><li>Dependency on External Services: The reliance on third-party providers can lead to potential disruptions in service.</li><li>Data Security Concerns: Ensuring the protection of sensitive data in the cloud requires robust security measures.</li><li>Migration Hurdles: Transitioning from traditional systems to cloud-based solutions can be complex and resource-intensive.</li></ul><h2 id="Security-and-Privacy-in-the-Cloud" id="Security-and-Privacy-in-the-Cloud" style="margin-left:0px;">Security and Privacy in the Cloud</h2><h3>Security Challenges in Cloud Computing</h3>Despite its many benefits, cloud computing also presents challenges, particularly concerning security and privacy. Data security in the cloud is a shared responsibility:<ul><li>Data Encryption: Encrypting data both in transit and at rest is crucial for safeguarding against unauthorized access.</li><li>Access Controls: Robust access control mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication, are essential for protecting resources.</li><li>Compliance: Adherence to industry standards and regulations is vital for preserving user trust and maintaining the cloud environment's integrity.</li><li>Regular Audits: Periodic security audits and assessments are necessary for identifying and mitigating potential risks.</li></ul><h3>Solutions to Cloud Security and Privacy Issues</h3>To effectively manage the security and privacy challenges in the cloud, consider the following solutions:<ul><li>Implementing Robust Security Protocols: Establish comprehensive security measures, including data encryption and stringent access controls.</li><li>Ensuring Compliance: Adhere to legal and regulatory standards to protect user data and maintain trust.</li><li>Educating Users: Invest in user training to raise awareness about best practices for security and privacy.</li><li>Continuous Monitoring: Employ ongoing monitoring to quickly detect and respond to security threats.</li></ul><h2 id="Public-Cloud-vs-Private-Cloud" id="Public-Cloud-vs-Private-Cloud">Public Cloud vs Private Cloud</h2>The decision between public and private cloud services hinges on an organization's unique needs and priorities:<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Public Cloud:</h3><ul><li>Accessibility: Services are delivered via the Internet by third-party providers.</li><li>Cost-Effectiveness: Known for scalability and cost savings due to shared resources.</li><li>Variety: Offers a wide array of options to choose from.</li><li>Considerations: May raise security and privacy issues due to the shared infrastructure.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Private Cloud:</h3><ul><li>Control: Provides a dedicated environment for a single organization.</li><li>Security: Enhanced security and customization options.</li><li>Cost: Can incur higher management and operational costs.</li></ul><h2 id="Hybrid-Cloud-vs-Multi-Cloud" id="Hybrid-Cloud-vs-Multi-Cloud" style="margin-left:0px;">Hybrid Cloud vs Multi-Cloud</h2><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">Hybrid and multi-cloud are emerging as popular strategies, each with its own set of benefits and considerations:<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Hybrid Cloud:</h3><ul><li>Integration: Combines public and private clouds for an integrated approach.</li><li>Flexibility: Allows for seamless service integration and workload portability.</li><li>Use Cases: Ideal for organizations needing the security of private clouds and the scalability of public clouds.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Multi-Cloud:</h3><ul><li>Diversity: Utilizes multiple cloud service providers, often in different deployment models.</li><li>Resilience: Enhances flexibility and can improve disaster recovery capabilities.</li><li>Complexity: While beneficial, this approach adds layers of management and security challenges.</li></ul><h3>Selecting the Optimal Cloud Strategy for Your Business</h3>When considering which cloud strategy aligns best with your business, consider the following:<ul><li>Business Goals: Align cloud choice with long-term business objectives and growth plans.</li><li>Security Requirements: Evaluate the security needs of your organization and how each cloud type addresses them.</li><li>Cost Analysis: Perform a thorough cost analysis, considering both upfront and ongoing expenses.</li><li>Compliance: Ensure that the cloud strategy meets all regulatory and compliance requirements.</li><li>Management Capability: Assess your organization's ability to manage and maintain the chosen cloud environment.</li></ul><h2 id="Cloud's-Future" id="Cloud's-Future" style="margin-left:0px;">Cloud's Future</h2>As a foundational element of digital infrastructure, the cloud is poised for growth and evolution:<ul><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/edge-computing">Edge&nbsp;Computing</a>: Enhances performance by reducing latency by situating compute capabilities at the network's edge, closer to data sources.</li><li>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The incorporation of AI and ML into cloud services promises sophisticated analytics, automation, and insights.</li><li>Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Management: With the adoption of various cloud services, there is an increasing demand for tools and platforms that streamline management and security across these diverse environments.</li><li>Sustainability: There is a growing emphasis on sustainable practices and energy-efficient technologies within the cloud industry to lessen its environmental impact.</li></ul><h2 id="EdgeOne:-Enhancing-Cloud-Security-and-Performance" id="EdgeOne:-Enhancing-Cloud-Security-and-Performance" style="margin-left:0px;">EdgeOne: Enhancing Cloud Security and Performance</h2>Cloud computing is in a state of perpetual evolution, with edge computing emerging as a critical innovation. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a>, a leading-edge solution, is at the forefront of this advancement. By situating computation and data storage closer to the source, EdgeOne significantly reduces latency and accelerates performance, thereby enhancing the overall cloud capabilities.<ul><li>Global Network, Local Impact: EdgeOne's extensive global network, which encompasses over 3200 nodes and has a substantial footprint of more than 2300 nodes in mainland China, ensures that websites enjoy robust security and optimized performance regardless of location.</li><li>Effortless Security with SSL: Security is paramount, and EdgeOne delivers this with complimentary SSL certificates. These certificates come with the added convenience of automatic renewal upon expiration, providing a seamless and secure data transmission experience.</li><li>Scalability Meets Bandwidth: With an impressive 160 Tbps of global network bandwidth, EdgeOne offers the flexibility to expand alongside your business. It meets the diverse CDN strategy needs of various industries, providing a tailored solution for each.</li><li>Revolutionizing the Gaming Experience: EdgeOne is particularly transformative for the gaming industry. It offers a superior network experience characterized by low latency and high bandwidth. The platform's smart scheduling and Infrastructure as Code capabilities are key in countering DDoS attacks, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable gaming experience for players around the world.</li></ul>You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is Cloud and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is the Cloud?

<h2 id="Network-Protocols-and-TCP/IP" id="Network-Protocols-and-TCP/IP">Network Protocols and TCP/IP</h2>A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices include everything from a mobile phone to a server. These devices are connected using physical wires such as fiber optics, but they can also be wireless. However, in order to enable communication between these different devices, a protocol is needed to establish communication standards. Thus, computer <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/network-protocols">network protocols</a> network protocols were developed: They specify the rules for communication and data exchange between different network devices and define specific aspects such as data format, transmission order, error handling, and more. Computer network protocols enable computer equipment produced by different manufacturers to communicate with each other, achieving global interoperability. With the development of network technology, network protocols are also constantly evolving and updating to meet the needs for higher speed, greater security, and more reliable communication.Computer network protocols are usually divided according to the hierarchical structure of the network architecture. Common network architectures include the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model.TCP/IP is a data link protocol used on the internet to let computers and other devices send and receive data. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and makes it possible for devices connected to the internet to communicate with one another across networks.<h2 id="What-is-TCP/IP-and-How-it-Works?" id="What-is-TCP/IP-and-How-it-Works?">What is TCP/IP and How it Works?</h2>The TCP/IP protocol suite orchestrates the transmission of data between devices, ensuring that the information conveyed remains precise and unaltered upon arrival.To guarantee the integrity of each communication as it traverses the network, the TCP/IP model dissects data into discrete packets, which are subsequently reassembled into the original message at the destination. This approach of parceling out data into smaller units enhances accuracy compared to the alternative of transmitting the entire data set in one go.Once a message has been segmented into packets, these units may follow diverse paths to their destination, particularly if congestion occurs on a particular route. This is akin to dispatching several birthday cards to the same residence via postal service. Although the cards start their trip from your abode deposit each into a separate mailbox, and they could travel through various routes before reaching the intended recipient's domicile.<h3>Layers of the TCP/IP Model</h3>The TCP/IP framework comprises four distinct layers: the Network Access layer, the Internet layer, the Transport layer, and the Application layer. Each layer has specific functions and interacts with the upper and lower layers to ensure the smooth exchange of data between systems.<ol><li>Network Access Layer: This layer is also known as the link layer or data link layer, responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication links between adjacent nodes. It encapsulates data into frames and transmits them through physical media such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, etc.</li><li>Internet Layer: This layer is entrusted with transmitting data packets across distinct networks. Its cornerstone protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP), which boasts two primary iterations: IPv4 and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/ipv6">IPv6</a>. The Internet layer further incorporates routing protocols, which are instrumental in identifying the most efficient route for data packets from the source to the destination.</li><li>Transport Layer: The fundamental responsibility of this layer is to initiate, sustain, and conclude end-to-end connections between the origin and the destination. It furnishes two key transport protocols: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol">User Datagram Protocol (UDP)</a>. TCP delivers dependable, connection-oriented transmission services, while UDP provides non-guaranteed, connectionless transmission services.</li><li>Application Layer: Positioned at the summit of the model, this layer directly delivers services to users. It encompasses protocols employed by a myriad of applications, including <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/http2">HTTP (for web browsing)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol">FTP (for file transfer)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol">SMTP (for email transmission)</a>, and more. Application layer protocols interface with the transport layer utilizing sockets.</li></ol><h3>How does the TCP/IP Model Work?</h3>Whenever you transmit any data over the internet, such as a message, a photograph, or a file, the TCP/IP model segments that information into packets using a <a href="#WhatarethelayersoftheTCPIPmodel">four-layered</a> process. Initially, the data traverses these layers in a specific sequence, and subsequently, it travels in the opposite direction during the reassembly phase on the recipient's end.<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/5fcc6a0b-962c-46df-af05-b0fcc1f58e21.png" alt="highlight.png"></figure>The TCP/IP model is effective due to the standardization of the entire process. In the absence of standardization, communication would become chaotic and impede the overall speed—fast internet service depends on efficiency. As the worldwide standard, the TCP/IP model represents one of the most efficient methods for transmitting data across the internet.<h3>TCP vs IP</h3>TCP and IP are both essential protocols in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite">Internet Protocol Suite (IPS)</a>, but they serve different purposes.IP is a packet-switched protocol responsible for routing data packets between devices on a network. It provides the basic communication mechanism for internet communication, assigning unique IP addresses to devices and ensuring that packets are delivered to the correct destination.TCP, on the other hand, is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, end-to-end communication services on top of IP. It establishes a virtual circuit between two devices and ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct order, without errors, and with acknowledgments of receipt.In summary, IP is responsible for the delivery of packets, while TCP is responsible for the reliable delivery of data. Together, they form the foundation of internet communication.<h2 id="TCP/IP-Model-vs-OSI-Model" id="TCP/IP-Model-vs-OSI-Model">TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model</h2><h3>What is the OSI Model?</h3>The OSI model is another way of transmitting data over the internet. The biggest difference between the OSI and TCP/IP models is the OSI model has seven layers instead of five. Although both the TCP/IP and OSI models transport data, the ways they send it are slightly different, which is sometimes why TCP/IP is used instead of OSI. The OSI model has the following layers:<ol><li>Physical Layer: It is the lowest layer of the OSI model that is responsible for the physical data connection between the devices.</li><li>Data Link: It ensures error-free node-to-node delivery of the message.</li><li>Network Layer: The data gets its address in this layer. It also received routing instructions from moving from source to destination in the network.</li><li>Transport Layer: It is responsible for reliable message delivery across different points on the network on its way to its destination.</li><li>Session Layer: This layer helps with establishing, managing, and terminating sessions.</li><li>Presentation Layer: It is responsible for encrypting and decrypting the data and converting it into a form that is accessible by the application layer.</li><li>Application Layer: In this layer, an application (for example, an internet browser) receives the data and a user can then interact with it.</li></ol><h3>Similarities between the TCP/IP Model and OSI Model</h3><ul><li>Both the models are based on a layered architecture.</li><li>Protocols are defined in a layer-wise way. Both models convert the raw data into packets and help them reach their destination node.</li><li>Each model has different layers with a specific function. This helps in identifying issues if any failure occurs.</li><li>The Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model correspond to the Network Access layer of the TCP/IP model.</li><li>The Application, Presentation, and Sessions layers of the OSI model correspond to the Application layer of the TCP/IP model.</li><li>Both models have the network layer and the transport layer.</li></ul><h3>Differences between the TCP/IP Model and OSI Model</h3>The most notable distinction between the two models lies in the fact that the OSI model divides various functions into separate layers, whereas the TCP/IP model groups them into single layers. This is particularly evident in the application and network access layers of the TCP/IP model, which encompass several layers outlined in the OSI model.This difference can pose challenges when it comes to troubleshooting issues or optimizing performance while using the TCP/IP model. In contrast, the OSI model allows for a more targeted approach to problem-solving. For instance, one can concentrate exclusively on the application layer, presentation layer, or session layer to identify why data is not being transmitted as expected.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/2dc62116-52a8-463d-96b0-c299f821b6fb.png" alt="OSI-vs-tcp:ip.png"><h2 id="Is-TCP/IP-Secure?" id="Is-TCP/IP-Secure?">Is TCP/IP Secure?</h2>TCP/IP is an open, connection-oriented communication protocol tailored for data exchange on the Internet.The original TCP/IP protocol does not provide end-to-end encryption or authentication. This means that, without using additional security mechanisms, data transmitted through TCP/IP is unencrypted and easily intercepted and viewed by intermediaries.To enhance the security of TCP/IP, several security protocols have been developed, such as <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54154">SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security)</a>. These protocols provide encryption, authentication, and integrity protection on top of TCP/IP. For example, when we access an <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54200">HTTPS</a> website in our browser, the communication between our browser and the website is encrypted through SSL/TLS.<h2 id="The-L4-Proxy-on-Tencent-Edgeone" id="The-L4-Proxy-on-Tencent-Edgeone">The L4 Proxy on Tencent Edgeone</h2>The <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54506">Tencent EdgeOne L4 Proxy</a> serves as a robust <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56724">acceleration</a> service founded upon the TCP/UDP protocols. Utilizing a globally dispersed network of layer-4 proxy nodes, coupled with an innovative <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/ddos">DDos</a> module and sophisticated routing techniques, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> facilitates seamless, proximate access for end-users. It meticulously purifies edge traffic and oversees port monitoring and forwarding, ensuring the provision of high-availability and low-latency DDoS mitigation and acceleration solutions tailored for layer-4 applications.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:100%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/76b63aa6-a9b3-456e-8bc4-457893ca832b.png" alt="l4proxy.png"></figure>Feel free to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> to learn more about Tencent EdgeOne and its features. You can also click <a href="https://edgeone.ai/pricing">here</a> to get started free and experience its benefits firsthand.

What is TCP/IP and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is TCP/IP?

With the widespread use of the internet and technological advancements, bot attacks have emerged as a significant security threat. This article aims to define bot attacks, discuss different types of attacks, highlight potential impacts, and provide preventive measures to counter these attacks.<h2 id="What-are-Bot-Attacks?" id="What-are-Bot-Attacks?" style="margin-left:0px;">What are Bot Attacks?</h2><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">The bot is short for robot, and it refers to an automated program or script that can simulate human user behavior and perform various tasks. Bots can operate on the internet and carry out actions such as automatically responding to messages, scraping web content, or executing specific computational tasks. They can be designed for beneficial purposes, such as web crawlers used for search engine indexing or chatbots used for customer service. However, some bots are also maliciously used for activities like conducting cyber attacks, spreading spam, or stealing personal information. These malicious bots are often referred to as malware or part of a botnet, and they can automate attack behaviors, posing a threat to network security.Bot attacks refer to malicious activities carried out on network systems using automated programs (bots or scripts). These bots can simulate human user behavior and automatically perform various tasks such as scanning for vulnerabilities, sending spam emails, brute-forcing passwords, and more. The purpose of bot attacks is to gain illegal benefits, disrupt the normal operation of network systems, or steal sensitive information. These attacks are often conducted on a large scale using automation, allowing attackers to target a significant number of victims within a short period, thereby increasing the success rate of the attack. Bot attacks pose a serious security threat to individuals, organizations, and the entire network ecosystem.<figure class="image"><img src="https://www.haproxy.com/assets/posts/haproxy-glossary-ddos-attacks.png" alt="What is a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack?"></figure><h2 id="Types-of-Bot-Attacks" id="Types-of-Bot-Attacks" style="margin-left:0px;">Types of Bot Attacks</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Web Scraping Bots</h3>A web crawling bot, also known as a web spider or web scraper, is an automated program designed to retrieve web page content from the internet. They are used for browsing and indexing web pages to support the functionality of search engines. Web crawling bots follow predefined rules and algorithms to automatically access web pages and extract information such as text, images, and links. This data is then used to build indexes for search engines, enabling users to find relevant web pages through search queries.Web crawling bots typically adhere to the crawling rules defined by websites, such as those specified in the robots.txt file, to ensure they do not impose excessive burdens on websites or violate privacy. They crawl web pages at a certain frequency and depth while respecting the access restrictions set by websites.However, some web crawling bots may be maliciously used for illegal purposes, such as stealing sensitive information, invading privacy, or engaging in phishing activities. These malicious web crawling bots may violate website crawling rules to illegally obtain data or launch attacks on websites. As a result, website administrators often take measures to detect and block access from malicious web crawling bots to protect the security of their websites and users.<h3>Spam Bots</h3>A spam bot is an automated program designed to send a large volume of spam emails. They are created for purposes such as advertising, spreading malware, and engaging in online scams. Spam bots can automatically collect and generate a vast number of email addresses, which they use to send spam emails.These bots typically scan websites, forums, social media, and other sources to gather email addresses. They may also utilize email address lists from infected computers or botnets. Once they have accumulated a sufficient number of email addresses, spam bots automatically send out a massive amount of spam emails, often containing advertisements, fraudulent messages, malicious links, or attachments.Spam bots pose a significant nuisance and security threat to individuals and organizations. They consume network bandwidth and storage space, and can potentially spread malware, deceive users into providing personal information, or engage in financial fraud. Common measures to combat spam bots include using anti-spam filters, educating users to recognize spam emails, and strengthening network security measures to prevent bot infiltration.<h3>Brute-Force Bots</h3>A brute force bot is an automated program designed to attempt to crack passwords or bypass security measures of restricted systems. They do this by trying a large number of possible password combinations or system access methods to find valid credentials or circumvent security measures.Brute force bots typically employ dictionary attacks or brute force methods. A dictionary attack involves using a pre-prepared list of passwords for attempts, while brute force involves trying all possible password combinations to crack a password. These bots can automate the password attempts, rapidly iterating through a large number of combinations to find valid credentials.Brute force bots pose a threat to the security of systems and accounts. They can attempt to crack user accounts, email accounts, network servers, and more to gain access to sensitive information, engage in unauthorized access, or carry out malicious activities. Common preventive measures against brute force bots include using strong passwords, limiting login attempts, enabling multi-factor authentication, monitoring for abnormal login activity, and utilizing intrusion detection systems to detect and block brute force attempts.<h3>DDoS Bots</h3>A DDoS bot, or Distributed Denial of Service bot, is an automated program used to launch Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. DDoS attacks aim to overwhelm a target server by simultaneously sending a large volume of requests, rendering it unable to respond to legitimate user requests.DDoS bots are typically part of a botnet, which is a group of compromised computers or devices. These bots are controlled by a central command server, through which the attacker can send instructions to coordinate the attack. Upon receiving the instructions, DDoS bots flood the target server with a massive amount of request traffic, exceeding its processing capacity and causing service unavailability or slow response times.DDoS bot attacks pose a significant threat to target servers and networks. They can result in service disruptions, website crashes, and network congestion, and may even serve as a smokescreen for other malicious activities. Common defense measures against DDoS bot attacks include using firewalls, intrusion detection systems, load balancers, and traffic filters to filter and block malicious traffic. Additionally, traffic analysis tools are used to detect and respond to abnormal traffic patterns. Collaboration and coordination with Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and security teams are also crucial in mitigating DDoS attacks.<h3>Web Crawling Bots</h3>A web crawling bot, or web crawler, is an automated program used to browse and collect information from the internet. They are designed to automatically access web pages and extract data for purposes such as search engine indexing, data mining, and monitoring website changes.Web crawling bots navigate the internet by following predefined rules and algorithms. They start from a given starting point and then progressively visit and fetch other relevant web pages through link tracking and parsing. These bots gather information such as content, links, metadata, and store or transmit it to subsequent processing programs.Web crawling bots play a crucial role on the internet, enabling search engines to build indexes and provide accurate search results. They are also used in areas such as data mining, market research, and competitive intelligence gathering. However, some web crawling bots can have negative impacts on website performance and bandwidth, leading website administrators to take measures to restrict or block their access.It is important to note that while most web crawling bots are legitimate, there are also malicious ones used for illegal purposes such as data theft, content duplication, and phishing. Therefore, protecting websites from malicious web crawling bot attacks is also an important security measure.<h2 id="Potential-Impacts-of-Bot-Attacks" id="Potential-Impacts-of-Bot-Attacks" style="margin-left:0px;">Potential Impacts of Bot Attacks</h2>Robot attacks can have various impacts on the targeted systems, networks, and users. Here are some common effects:<ul><li>Service disruption: Robot attacks can cause the targeted system or network to experience service disruptions, rendering them unable to function or provide services. This can have a significant impact on business operations, user experience, and reliability.</li><li>Website crashes: Large-scale robot attacks can lead to website crashes or unavailability. This makes the website inaccessible, affecting user access and interaction.</li><li>Bandwidth consumption: Robot attacks generate a significant amount of network traffic, consuming the targeted system's bandwidth resources. This can result in network congestion, slowing down, or destabilizing network connections for legitimate users.</li><li>Data leakage: Some robot attacks aim to obtain sensitive information or steal data. Attackers may use robot attacks to gain access to user accounts, personal information, financial data, and other sensitive information, leading to privacy breaches and security risks.</li><li>Masking malicious activities: Robot attacks are sometimes used as a distraction to mask other malicious activities. Attackers may utilize robot attacks to divert the attention of security teams, enabling them to carry out more destructive attacks or intrusions.</li><li>Damage to brand reputation: Robot attacks can have a negative impact on the brand reputation of the targeted organization or company. If users cannot access the website or experience data breaches, it can lead to a loss of trust and create a negative impression of the company's image.</li></ul><h2 id="Preventive-Measures-Against-Bot-Attacks" id="Preventive-Measures-Against-Bot-Attacks" style="margin-left:0px;">Preventive Measures Against Bot Attacks</h2>To prevent robot attacks, you can take the following measures:<ul><li>Identify and filter robot traffic: Use robot detection techniques such as CAPTCHA, IP blacklisting, user agent detection, etc., to identify and filter robot traffic. This can block access from most malicious robots.</li><li>Use CAPTCHA: Implement CAPTCHA for critical operations such as registration, login, password reset, etc., to ensure that only real users can complete these actions, not robots.</li><li>Limit access frequency: Set access rate limits to restrict the frequency of requests from individual IP addresses. This prevents robots from launching attacks at high speeds and reduces the strain on the system.</li><li>Implement a robot protocol: Implement a robot protocol on your website that clearly defines the allowed access behavior and restrictions for robots. This helps identify and block malicious robots.</li><li>Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF): A WAF can detect and block robot attacks by filtering and blocking malicious traffic, protecting your website and applications.</li><li>Regularly update and patch vulnerabilities: Keep your website and applications up to date by promptly updating and patching any vulnerabilities. This reduces the risk of successful robot attacks, as vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers.</li><li>Monitor and analyze traffic: Use traffic monitoring and analysis tools to detect abnormal traffic patterns and behaviors, helping to identify and respond to robot attacks promptly.</li><li>Establish cooperation and coordination: Collaborate and coordinate with Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and other security teams to collectively combat robot attacks. Sharing intelligence and cooperating in defense can enhance the ability to respond to robot attacks.</li></ul><h2 id="How-does-Tencent-EdgeOne-Manage-Bot?" id="How-does-Tencent-EdgeOne-Manage-Bot?" style="margin-left:0px;">How does Tencent EdgeOne Manage Bot?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56969"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Tencent EdgeOne Bot management</a><span style="color:rgb(46,48,51);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;"> <span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">is a service that maintains the quality of your website traffic. Among your website visitors, there may be a portion of visits that are not initiated by real users, but by automated programs, which we usually call bots. Although some bots (e.g., search engine crawlers) are beneficial to the website, but they may also trigger the above attacks. Tencent EdgeOne <span style="color:rgb(46,48,51);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Bot management will process requests in the following order:<ul><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56975">Exception rule</a>: <span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Release specific requests so that they do not apply to the bot management module. For example, traffic from specified IPs of partners or test traffic carrying specific User-Agent.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56974">Custom bot rules</a>: <span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Customizable and flexible bot management rules, supporting multiple identification mechanisms and providing flexible disposal options. For example, delay the response of half of the automated shopping cart crawlers and silently dispose of the other half.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56971"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Basic bot management</a><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">: Identify bot tools and control them by combining the User-Agent header and client IP within the request with the corresponding features of search engines and tools.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56972">Client reputation</a>: <span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Identify malicious bots and provide control by combining the client IP with the threat intelligence database.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56970"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">Bot intelligence</a><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">﻿: Bot intelligence analysis is suitable for situations where rapid deployment, identification, and analysis of website traffic patterns are needed. Bot intelligence analysis is based on a clustering analysis algorithm and a big data model intelligence engine, aiming to help you comprehensively judge the risk of requests from multiple perspectives and more conveniently use Bot management to quickly identify and deal with known or unknown bots, avoiding fixed single strategies being bypassed.</li><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56973"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">﻿Active detection</a><span style="color:hsl(0,0%,0%);font-family:&quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">﻿: Identify human browser clients (not applicable to native mobile apps) by verifying the client's runtime environment and access behavior through Cookie and JavaScript.</li></ul>&nbsp;

What is a Bot Attack and How to Prevent? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a Bot Attack?

EdgeOne: Enhancing Cloud Storage Capabilities

What is Cloud Storage and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Cloud Storage?

<h2 id="What-is-the-Definition-of-ETag?" id="What-is-the-Definition-of-ETag?">What is the Definition of ETag?</h2><h3>ETag: Entity Tag in HTTP Strong Caching Mechanism</h3>As a unique identifier for versions of a resource, ETag is paramount in optimizing the loading speed of web applications and alleviating server load.ETag (Entity Tag) is a response header field defined in the HTTP protocol, utilized to uniquely identify a specific version of a resource. The value of ETag is typically generated based on the resource's hash value or content digest, ensuring its uniqueness. This uniqueness allows the server to accurately identify and track different resource versions. This is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the resource and ensuring that the client always receives the most up-to-date version.An example of an ETag header:<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/615d677a-dcfb-411e-993d-0dbab9c2b6e7.png" alt="etag.png"></figure><h2 id="Working-Principle-of-ETag" id="Working-Principle-of-ETag">Working Principle of ETag</h2><h3>1. Resource Identification and Response</h3>When a client initially requests a resource, the server converts the resource content into an ETag and returns this value in the HTTP response header. This process involves the computation of a hash or digest of the resource content to generate a unique ETag. This ETag serves as a fingerprint of the resource at a specific point in time, allowing the server to track changes and updates to the resource.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:89.28%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/b0ab5e51-6198-4806-a269-d40683174f71.png" alt="etag1.png"></figure><h3>2. Client Caching</h3>Upon receiving the resource and its corresponding ETag, the client stores them in the local cache for future use. This allows the client to use this cache in future requests, instead of fetching the resource from the server each time. This not only saves bandwidth but also improves the speed and efficiency of the client's requests.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:54.83%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/d8609814-e917-41ff-987b-7534219c666d.png" alt="etag2.png"></figure><h3>3. Conditional Requests and Validation</h3>When the client needs to request the same resource again, it includes an If-None-Match field in the HTTP request header, the value of which is the previously stored ETag. This is a conditional request, implying that the client only needs a new response if the resource has changed. This mechanism allows the client to avoid unnecessary data transfers and optimizes the use of network resources.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:82.83%;"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/0d292e6c-ab8a-4fd4-8db8-d3706bc46b8c.png" alt="etag3.png"></figure><h3>4. Server Response</h3>Upon receiving a request with an If-None-Match, the server compares this value with the current resource's ETag. If they match, the server returns a 304 Not Modified status code, instructing the client to use the local cache; if they do not match, the server returns the new resource and an updated ETag. This mechanism ensures that the client only needs to download new content when the resource has changed, thus optimizing network traffic and server load.<img class="image_resized" style="width:100%;" src="https://edgeone.ai/media/74af661f-69d3-48ba-b321-5df00f7c76f8.png" alt="etag4.png"><h2 id="ETag-and-Strong-Caching" id="ETag-and-Strong-Caching">ETag and Strong Caching</h2>Strong caching is an HTTP caching strategy that allows clients to directly use local cached resources without communicating with the server. The role of ETag in this mechanism is as follows:<ul><li>Cache Validation: ETag provides a mechanism for clients to verify whether their cached resources are the latest version. This allows the client to ensure it is using the most recent resource without having to download from the server each time. This validation process is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the resource and ensuring that the client always has the most up-to-date version.</li><li>Data Transfer Reduction: Through ETag validation, the server can avoid sending the content of unmodified resources, thus saving bandwidth. This has significant implications for network performance and server load. By reducing unnecessary data transfers, the server can optimize its resources and improve its overall performance.</li><li>Performance Improvement: The ETag mechanism aids in enhancing the response speed and overall performance of web applications. By reducing unnecessary data transfers, ETag can significantly improve page load speeds and user experience. This is particularly important in today's digital age, where speed and efficiency are key factors in the success of a web application.</li></ul><h2 id="Considerations-in-Practice" id="Considerations-in-Practice">Considerations in Practice</h2><h3>ETag Generation Strategy</h3>The generation of ETag should consider the frequency and manner of resource changes to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of caching. For instance, if a resource changes frequently, a content-based ETag might be more effective. This strategy ensures that the ETag accurately reflects the current state of the resource and allows for efficient cache validation.<h3>Weak ETag</h3><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">A weak ETag, indicated by the prefix 'W/', signifies that the value is not a strong validator but a weak validator. Weak ETags are used when the resource representation has been transformed or modified in a way that makes precise comparison with the original resource impractical. For example, the resource might have been compressed or encoded differently, yet still be equivalent in content to the client. Weak validators are primarily used to detect cases where the representation is functionally equivalent, even if the byte-for-byte comparison would indicate a difference.<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(6,6,7);font-family:-apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, helvetica, &quot;segoe ui&quot;, arial, roboto, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, miui, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, sans-serif;">Example:<pre><code class="language-plaintext"> ETag: W/"67ab"</code></pre>In this example, the presence of 'W/' indicates that the ETag is a weak validator. The server may consider two resources with this ETag to be not modified if they are equivalent in a semantic sense, even if their byte representations differ.<h3>Coordination with Last-Modified</h3>ETags can complement the Last-Modified header field to provide a more nuanced caching strategy. The Last-Modified header indicates the date and time at which the resource was last changed, and it is often used as a basis for conditional requests. However, Last-Modified only provides a timestamp, which may not be precise enough for certain use cases.ETags, on the other hand, offer a more precise method of validation because they are based on the actual content of the resource. When used together, a client can first check the Last-Modified time to determine if a conditional request is necessary, and if so, use the ETag for a more accurate validation.Example:<pre><code class="language-plaintext">If-Modified-Since: Fri, 14 June 2024 07:28:00 GMT
If-None-Match: "3f4d5"</code></pre>In this example, the client sends both an If-Modified-Since header (based on Last-Modified) and an If-None-Match header (based on ETag). The server can use the Last-Modified check as a quick first pass to possibly avoid more expensive ETag calculations, and if the timestamps do not match, it can then use the ETag for a definitive comparison.<h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a>, as a leading <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/edge-computing">edge&nbsp;computing</a> service provider, is committed to delivering outstanding performance and comprehensive security protection for users. In terms of intelligent acceleration, EdgeOne integrates <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/l4-l7-proxy">L4</a> proxy acceleration and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/l4-l7-proxy">L7</a> intelligent acceleration technology to adapt to various complex business scenarios. Particularly noteworthy is that EdgeOne skillfully utilizes the ETag mechanism in cache management.ETag, as an HTTP response header, is used to identify the version of resources returned by the server. When a client requests resources, it carries the If-None-Match header containing the ETag value of the previously requested resource. The server compares it with the current resource's ETag to determine whether to return new resources or use the cache.Leveraging the ETag mechanism, EdgeOne can accurately judge whether resources have changed, thereby avoiding sending unchanged resources to the client, reducing bandwidth consumption, and improving loading speed. This intelligent cache management strategy not only enhances user experience but also helps to reduce the load on the origin server, achieving more efficient resource distribution.In addition, EdgeOne performs well in terms of security protection. It provides strong DDoS protection capabilities to effectively defend against distributed denial-of-service attacks. At the same time, the auto-updated SSL certificate feature ensures the security of the website, providing users with a secure and reliable access environment.In summary, Tencent EdgeOne, with its intelligent acceleration, efficient cache management, and excellent security protection capabilities, has become the ideal choice for global users when building and maintaining websites.You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is ETag and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is an ETag?

Comparison between Serverless and Containers

How to Choose between Serverless and Containers?

Serverless

Nowadays, organizations are focusing on evolving their technical processes to expedite IT infrastructure development. Rapid deployments to up-to-date platforms are crucial for this progression. Serverless functions and container technologies are increasingly becoming the two main methods used for hosting these deployments. The reasons can be described from the following aspects:The popularity of cloud computing: With the continuous development and popularity of cloud computing technology, more and more enterprises and individuals have begun to migrate their applications or services to the cloud. This has also facilitated the emergence and development of new cloud computing technologies such as Serverless and containers.Application complexity: With the increasing complexity of applications, traditional deployment methods can no longer meet the requirements. Traditional deployment methods need to consider many factors, such as hardware, operating system, network environment, etc., and technologies such as Serverless and containers can help developers deploy and manage applications more easily.Elastic scaling needs: With the continuous growth of users and data volumes, applications need to have elastic scaling capabilities to cope with peak traffic. Technologies such as Serverless and containers can help applications automate elastic scaling to better meet user needs.In this article, we will explore their key distinctions and provide criteria to help you decide which technology is best suited for your upcoming project.<h2 id="What-is-Serverless-Computing?" id="What-is-Serverless-Computing?">What is Serverless Computing?</h2>Serverless Computing is a cloud computing execution model in which a cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation of machines. In this model, the cloud service provider dynamically allocates resources and handles server management, scaling, and capacity planning. Developers can focus solely on writing and deploying their code, as the provider takes care of operational aspects.Serverless Computing is also known as Function as a Service (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_as_a_service">Faa</a>S), where individual functions or pieces of code are executed in response to specific events or triggers. These functions are stateless and can scale automatically to handle the number of incoming requests. This approach enables developers to create highly scalable and cost-effective applications, as they only pay for the actual compute time and resources consumed during the function execution. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/serverless">Learn more about serverless.</a><h3>Advantages</h3>Automatic scaling: Serverless computing can automatically scale up or down based on the application's needs. This means that if your application traffic increases, serverless platforms can automatically increase resources to meet demand.Cost-effective: In a serverless model, you only pay for the resources that are actually consumed, not the resources that are pre-allocated. This can significantly reduce costs.Reduced operational burden: Serverless computing eliminates the need for server and infrastructure management, allowing developers to focus on writing code and implementing business logic.<h3>Disadvantages</h3>Cold start problem: When a function has not been called for some time, the next call may take longer to start, which is called a "cold start." This can affect the performance of your application.Vendor lock-in: Since the implementation of serverless platforms can vary between different cloud service providers, the issue of vendor lock-in, where it is difficult to migrate applications from one platform to another, can arise.Stateless: Serverless functions are usually stateless, which means that each execution of the function is independent. If your application needs to maintain a state, you may need to use an external service or database.<h3>Application scenario</h3>Event-driven applications: Serverless computing is ideal for handling event-based applications, such as responding to HTTP requests, processing database updates, or responding to signals from IoT devices.Microservices: Serverless computing can be used to build microservices architectures. Each service is a stand-alone function that can be developed, deployed, and extended independently.Real-time file processing: Serverless computing can also be used to process files in real-time. For example, when a user uploads a file to cloud storage, a function can be triggered to process this file for image recognition or video transcoding.<h2 id="What-are-Containers?" id="What-are-Containers?">What are Containers?</h2>Containerization is a virtualization technique that allows you to run and manage applications and their dependencies in an isolated environment. These isolated environments are called "containers." The main tools for containerization include Docker and Kubernetes.Docker is an open-source containerized platform that allows developers to package their applications and dependencies into a portable container and then run that container on any machine that supports Docker.Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containers. It can run in a clustered environment and across multiple clouds or hybrid cloud environments.<h3>Advantages</h3>Portability: Because the container contains the application and all its dependencies, it can run in any Docker-enabled environment, whether that environment is a developer's PC, a test server, or a cloud environment.Efficient use of resources: Containers are lighter, start up faster, and use resources more efficiently than traditional virtual machines. This is because the container runs directly on the host's operating system without the need to emulate the entire operating system.Consistency across environments: Containerization ensures that applications behave consistently across environments, which reduces the "will work on my machine" problem.<h3>Disadvantages</h3>Management complexity: While containerization can make development and deployment more efficient, managing and maintaining containerized environments, especially in large-scale and distributed environments, can be complex.Security concerns: Containers share the host's operating system kernel, and if the container is compromised, an attacker may gain access to the host. Therefore, container security needs special attention.<h3>Application scenario</h3>Microservices architecture: Containerization is a good fit for microservices architecture because each microservice can be packaged into a separate container that can be developed, deployed, and extended independently.Continuous integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): Containerization can simplify the CI/CD process. Developers can build and test containers locally and then push containers into production.Hybrid cloud deployment: Due to the portability of containers, they can be easily run in different cloud environments or hybrid cloud environments. This makes containers ideal for hybrid cloud deployments.<h2 id="Comparison-between-Serverless-and-Containers" id="Comparison-between-Serverless-and-Containers">Comparison between Serverless and Containers</h2><h3>Scalability Comparison</h3>Serverless computing provides automatic scalability. When the demand for an application increases, serverless platforms can automatically increase resources to meet the demand. While tools such as Kubernetes can provide some degree of automatic scaling in containerized environments, they often require more configuration and administration.<h3>Cost Comparison</h3>In a serverless model, you only pay for the resources that are actually consumed, not the resources that are pre-allocated. This can greatly reduce costs. In a containerized environment, you may have to pay for resources that run continuously, even if they are not fully utilized.<h3>Comparison of Operational Responsibilities</h3>In a serverless environment, the cloud provider is responsible for managing and maintaining the infrastructure, and developers only need to focus on writing code. In a containerized environment, while container management platforms such as Kubernetes can help manage containers, developers or operations personnel are still responsible for managing and maintaining containers and container orchestration platforms.<h3>Portability Comparison</h3>Containerized applications are highly portable because containers can run in any environment that supports Docker. Serverless computing can suffer from vendor lock-in because different serverless platforms may have different APIs and services.<h3>Comparison of Application Performance</h3>Serverless computing can be affected by the cold start problem, that is, after a function has not been called for some time, the next call may take longer to start up. Containerized applications, on the other hand, often provide more consistent performance because once the container is started, it can run continuously and respond quickly to requests.In general, serverless computing and containerization each have their advantages, and which technology you choose depends on your specific needs and scenario.<h2 id="How-to-Choose-between-Serverless-and-Containers?" id="How-to-Choose-between-Serverless-and-Containers?">How to Choose between Serverless and Containers?</h2>When choosing between serverless and containers, you need to consider the following factors:<h3>Application Requirements</h3>If your application requires a lot of custom configuration or needs to use a specific operating system or software, then containers may be a better choice because they offer more flexibility. If your application is primarily event-driven or requires fast, automatic scaling, serverless may be better.<h3>Cost</h3>Serverless computing is often billed for resources actually used, which can be more economical than containerization, especially for applications with erratic traffic or short usage times. For applications that need to run for a long time, containers may be more economical because you can better control and optimize resource usage.<h3>Scalability Requirements</h3>Serverless computing provides automatic scalability, which is useful for applications that need to respond quickly to changes in traffic. Containers, while scalable, may require more configuration and management.<h3>Team Expertise</h3>If your team is already familiar with Docker and Kubernetes, it may be easier to work with containers. If your team is more familiar with specific programming languages and frameworks than infrastructure management, serverless might be a better fit.Finally, choosing the right tool for the right job is important, not a one-size-fits-all solution. Serverless and containers are both powerful tools, but they suit different scenarios and needs. In practical use, you may find that serverless and containers can be used in combination to take full advantage of their respective strengths.<h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Functions" id="Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Functions" style="margin-left:auto;">Tencent EdgeOne Edge Functions</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/98139d0b-6168-4580-844c-e8136df3d84f.png" alt="serverless.png"></figure>If you're considering serverless for your application deployment, we highly recommend <a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/function">Tencent EdgeOne Edge Functions</a>. By utilizing EdgeOne's global network for your application deployment, you can harness the advantages of serverless computing, allowing you to concentrate more on development and improving user experience. &nbsp;Streamline your operations with the power of serverless technology.

Serverless vs Containers: What is the Difference? - Tencent EdgeOne

Serverless vs Containers: How to Choose?

What is a Network Protocol and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What are Network Protocols?

How to Resolve the "DNS Server Isn't Responding" Issue?

Advantages of Tencent EdgeOne DNS Service

<h2 id="What-is-a-DNS-Server?" id="What-is-a-DNS-Server?">What is a DNS Server?</h2>DNS stands for Domain Name System. It's a system that translates human-friendly website names, like "www.example.com" into numerical IP addresses that computers use to communicate with each other.When you type a website address into your browser, your computer doesn't inherently know where that website is located on the internet. It uses the DNS system to translate the domain name into an IP address, which identifies a device on the internet. Your computer then uses this IP address to find and connect to the server that hosts the website.A DNS server, also known as a name server, is a computer that hosts the DNS service. It contains a database of public IP addresses and their associated domain names. When it receives a query for a specific domain name, it returns the corresponding IP address.In essence, a DNS server acts like a phone book for the internet, translating human-friendly domain names into computer-friendly IP addresses.<h2 id="How-DNS-Servers-Work?" id="How-DNS-Servers-Work?">How DNS Servers Work?</h2>When you type a web address into your browser, your computer doesn't immediately know where to find the site. It first sends a request to a DNS server, asking for the IP address associated with the domain name. The DNS server then responds with the correct IP address, and your computer uses this address to navigate to the right site.<h2 id="Types-of-DNS-Servers" id="Types-of-DNS-Servers">Types of DNS Servers</h2>There are several types of DNS servers, including DNS Resolver, Root Server, TLD Server, and Authoritative Name Server. They play a unique role in converting domain names into IP addresses.<ol><li>Local DNS Server: This is the first stop in the DNS lookup process. It's typically managed by your internet service provider(ISP).</li><li>DNS Root Server: If the local DNS server doesn't have the IP address information, it queries a Root Server, which knows where to direct the query next.</li><li>TLD Server: The Root Server will direct the query to a Top-Level Domain (TLD) Server. These servers store information for domains under their specific TLD (e.g., .com, .org, .net, etc.).</li><li>Authoritative Name Server: The TLD Server will finally direct the query to the correct Authoritative Name Server, which provides the final IP address.</li></ol><h2 id="What-is-a-Primary-DNS-Server?" id="What-is-a-Primary-DNS-Server?">What is a Primary DNS Server?</h2>A primary DNS server, also known as a master DNS server, is the original authoritative source of a zone's resource records in the DNS architecture. A zone is a portion of the DNS namespace that a specific organization or administrator manages.The primary DNS server holds the "master copy" of data in a DNS zone. When changes are made to the DNS records in a zone, such as adding new domains or changing the IP addresses of existing domains, these changes are made on the primary DNS server.Once changes are made on the primary DNS server, they are propagated to secondary DNS servers (also known as slave servers) through a process called zone transfer. This ensures that the DNS data is consistent across all servers.The primary DNS server plays a crucial role in DNS infrastructure. It is responsible for maintaining and updating the DNS records and ensuring that all secondary servers have the most up-to-date information. This is important for properly functioning the DNS system and ensuring that internet users are directed to the correct servers when they enter a domain name into their web browser.<h2 id="How-to-Resolve-the-"DNS-Server-Isn't-Responding"-Issue?" id="How-to-Resolve-the-"DNS-Server-Isn't-Responding"-Issue?">How to Resolve the "DNS Server Isn't Responding" Issue?</h2>Occasionally, when you enter a domain name into your browser's address bar, you might encounter an error message stating, "DNS server isn't responding." This indicates a failure in the DNS server's response.A DNS server's inability to successfully carry out the resolution process can be attributed to a variety of factors. It could be an issue with your internet connection or your DNS settings. An outdated browser could also be the culprit. Alternatively, the problem might lie with the server itself, such as a temporary power outage.Fortunately, there are several methods to rectify this error. Let's explore a few of these solutions:<ol><li>Change Your DNS Server: You could try changing your DNS server. For instance, you could use Google's public DNS (8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4) or Cloudflare's DNS (1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1).</li><li>Restart Your Router: Sometimes, restarting your router can resolve the issue. You just need to turn off the router, wait for a minute, and then turn it back on.</li><li>Flush DNS Cache: Your computer caches DNS query results, and sometimes these caches can cause problems. On Windows, you can open the command prompt and type "ipconfig /flushdns" to flush the DNS cache.</li><li>Disable Extra Network Connections: If your computer has multiple network connections (e.g., wired and wireless), try disabling the extra connections.</li><li>Check Firewall and Security Software: Sometimes, firewall or security software may block DNS queries. You can temporarily disable this software to see if the problem has been fixed.</li><li>Update Network Drivers: Outdated network drivers can cause DNS issues. You could update your network drivers.</li></ol><h2 id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Service" id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Service">Advantages of Tencent EdgeOne DNS Service</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/58235">Tencent EdgeOne DNS Service</a> brings several advantages:<ol><li>Real-time Synchronization: DNS record modifications can be synchronized to the DNS server within seconds, ensuring the latest information is always available.</li><li>Advanced DNS Configuration: Tencent EdgeOne provides acceleration and security solutions based on Tencent's edge computing nodes. These solutions are used in a variety of industries including e-commerce, retail, financial services, content information, and gaming to improve user experience.</li><li>Data Metrics: Tencent EdgeOne analyzes access log data and provides various data metrics that can help in understanding and optimizing performance.</li><li>L4 Proxy: The L4 proxy is an acceleration service of EdgeOne based on TCP/UDP, improving speed and reliability.</li><li>Rule Engine: The rule engine is designed to meet more flexible business requirements through a rich rule language.</li><li>Log Service: The log service allows you to build high-quality voice and video services.</li><li>Easy DNS Record Configuration: Adding a DNS record is straightforward with the EdgeOne console. You simply log in, click on the target site, and add the record.</li></ol>These advantages make Tencent EdgeOne DNS service an efficient, reliable, and secure DNS solution. You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is a DNS Server and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a DNS Server?

Potential Challenges of Serverless Framework

The serverless framework is a development framework based on the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/serverless">serverless computing</a> model, designed to help developers build, deploy, and manage applications more efficiently. &nbsp;It provides a simple way to write and deploy serverless applications without managing infrastructure and servers. &nbsp;The core concepts include <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/what-is-faas">Function as a Service (FaaS)</a>, event-driven architecture, stateless functions, and automatic scaling.<h2 id="Key-Concepts-in-Serverless-Framework" id="Key-Concepts-in-Serverless-Framework">Key Concepts in Serverless Framework</h2><ul><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/what-is-faas">Function as a Service (FaaS)</a>: &nbsp;This is a core concept in serverless computing. It involves executing individual functions in response to events.</li><li>Event-Driven Architecture: Functions are triggered by specific events or conditions. This is known as event-driven architecture.</li><li>Stateless Functions: Functions are stateless, meaning they do not persist data or state between function executions.</li><li>Automatic Scaling: Automatically allocate computing resources based on demand, optimizing cost and ensuring that applications are always available.</li><li>Pay-per-Use Pricing: Charges based on usage can save developers money by reducing infrastructure management costs.</li></ul><h2 id="The-Benefits-of-Serverless-Framework" id="The-Benefits-of-Serverless-Framework">The Benefits of Serverless Framework</h2><ul><li>Cost Reduction: The pay-per-use pricing model and reduced infrastructure management costs can save developers money. &nbsp;Since you only pay for the actual usage of your functions, you avoid the costs associated with pre-allocating resources.</li><li>Scalability: Automatically scales your applications based on demand. &nbsp;This ensures your applications are always available and can handle varying loads without manual intervention.</li><li>Faster Development and Deployment: Developers can focus on writing code and functionality rather than managing infrastructure, allowing for a faster development cycle and quicker deployment of new features and updates.</li><li>Flexibility: Supports multiple programming languages, such as Python, Node.js, Java, and more. &nbsp;This allows developers to choose the best language for their application and easily integrate it with other services.</li><li>Simplified Management: Handles the management of infrastructure, such as provisioning, scaling, and patching, allowing developers to concentrate on their application code.</li><li>Event-Driven Architecture: The framework enables developers to build applications that respond to specific events or triggers, allowing for more efficient and responsive applications.</li><li>Reduced Operational Overhead: With the serverless model, developers do not need to worry about maintaining servers, networking, or other infrastructure components, reducing the operational overhead associated with traditional application development.</li></ul><h2 id="Potential-Challenges-of-Serverless-Framework" id="Potential-Challenges-of-Serverless-Framework">Potential Challenges of Serverless Framework</h2><ul><li>Vendor Lock-in: Serverless frameworks often rely on cloud providers' services, which can lead to vendor lock-in. &nbsp;This means that if you choose a serverless framework that is closely tied to a specific cloud provider, it might be difficult to switch providers or even move your application to another environment.</li><li>Cold Starts: Serverless functions are typically not running continuously, and when a request comes in, the function needs to be started. &nbsp;This process is known as a cold start and can introduce latency in your application. &nbsp;Cold starts can be particularly problematic for applications that require low-latency responses.</li><li>Resource Limits: Cloud providers often impose resource limits on serverless functions, such as memory, CPU, and execution time. &nbsp;These limits can restrict the complexity and performance of your application, especially for compute-intensive tasks.</li><li>Debugging and Monitoring: Debugging and monitoring serverless functions can be more challenging than traditional applications due to their distributed nature and ephemeral lifespan. &nbsp;Identifying and resolving issues can be more difficult without proper tools and visibility into the execution environment.</li><li>State Management: Serverless functions are stateless by design, which means they do not maintain a state between invocations. &nbsp;This can make managing stateful applications more complex, as you need to find ways to store and retrieve state externally, such as using databases or caches.</li><li>Security: While serverless architectures can reduce the attack surface compared to traditional servers, they still face security risks. &nbsp;These include vulnerabilities in the underlying infrastructure, misconfigurations, and the risk of malicious code injection.</li><li>Cost Management: While serverless can be cost-effective at scale, it's essential to manage costs effectively. &nbsp;Overuse of resources or underutilization of serverless functions can lead to unexpected expenses.</li><li>Integration Complexity: Integrating serverless functions with existing systems and services can be complex, especially when dealing with different data formats, protocols, and authentication mechanisms.</li><li>Function Granularity: Determining the right level of granularity for serverless functions can be tricky. &nbsp;Too many small functions can lead to a management nightmare, while too few large functions may not fully utilize the benefits of serverless architecture.</li><li>Ecosystem and Community Support: The maturity and support of the serverless ecosystem can vary widely depending on the language, framework, and cloud provider. &nbsp;It's important to choose a serverless framework with a robust community and good support options.</li></ul><h2 id="Serverless-Use-Cases" id="Serverless-Use-Cases">Serverless Use Cases</h2>Serverless technology can be applied to various use cases. Here are several examples:<ul><li>Web Applications: Build highly scalable web applications that can handle varying traffic loads. Examples include serverless-powered e-commerce sites, online marketplaces, and content management systems.</li><li>Mobile Applications: Build mobile applications that require backend processing, such as user authentication, data storage, and push notifications.</li><li>Data Processing: Process large amounts of data in real-time, such as streaming data from IoT devices or log analysis.</li><li>Chatbots: Build chatbots that can respond to user queries and automate customer support.</li><li>Image and Video Processing: Process images and videos, such as resizing, cropping, and transcoding.</li><li>Serverless APIs: Create APIs that can be easily scaled and handle high traffic loads. &nbsp;Examples include REST APIs and GraphQL APIs.</li><li>Event-Driven Applications: Build event-driven applications that respond to specific events or triggers, such as sending notifications when a new user signs up or triggering a workflow when a file is uploaded.</li><li>Machine Learning: Build machine learning models and perform inference on large datasets.</li><li>loT Applications: Build IoT applications that require real-time data processing and analysis.</li><li>DevOps Automation: &nbsp;Automate DevOps tasks, such as continuous integration and deployment.</li></ul><h2 id="5-Best-Serverless-Frameworks" id="5-Best-Serverless-Frameworks">5 Best Serverless Frameworks</h2><ul><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/53372">Tencent Cloud Edge Functions</a>: A part of the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent Cloud EdgeOne</a> platform that allows for the execution of code at edge nodes, offering closer user computing and storage services, enhancing response speed, and reducing latency. It provides a myriad of features, including <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46182">smart acceleration</a>, customized content delivery, real-time analytics, and bot management. &nbsp;Moreover, these edge functions can be tailored to meet the immediate needs of each user with tasks like user authentication, data processing, real-time response generation, etc.</li><li>AWS Lambda: A serverless computing service provided by Amazon Web Services that allows developers to run code without managing servers and supports multiple programming languages.</li><li>Google Cloud Functions: A serverless computing service provided by Google Cloud Platform that allows developers to write and deploy code in response to events and supports multiple programming languages.</li><li>Azure Functions: A serverless computing service provided by Microsoft Azure that allows developers to run code in response to events and supports multiple programming languages.</li><li>Open Source Serverless Frameworks: OpenFaaS, Kubeless, and Fission are all open-source serverless frameworks that support multiple programming languages and cloud providers.</li></ul><h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Functions" id="Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Functions">Tencent EdgeOne Edge Functions</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/53372">Tencent EdgeOne Edge Functions</a> enables developers to run JavaScript functions on edge nodes, allowing for preprocessing and customization of HTTP requests. &nbsp;By customizing and writing JavaScript edge functions in EdgeOne's <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/edge-computing">Edge Computing</a> environment, developers can perform actions such as redirecting, modifying, and filtering requests. &nbsp;Edge computing brings data processing closer to the user, reducing latency and improving data transmission efficiency. <img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/b3da8a65-7890-46f6-8c11-f2cd16ba678e.png" alt="eo_ef_architecture.png">Tencent Cloud Edge Functions <a href="https://edgeone.ai/developer/examples">use cases</a>：<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/1028ff47-cea8-4f19-a456-1e0edc59fd5c.png" alt="eo_ef_use_cases.png">If you want to deploy and use your serverless applications on Tencent Cloud Edge Functions, you can refer to and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/53373">learn from this resource</a>.

What is a Serverless Framework and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a Serverless Framework?

What are the Benefits and Challenges of Edge Computing?

Edge Computing Services of Tencent EdgeOne

Edge Computing is an innovative distributed computing paradigm that brings data processing and storage closer to the data source, thereby reducing latency, improving network efficiency, and enhancing data security. With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the advent of 5G technology, Edge Computing has become increasingly relevant and important in today's digital landscape. This article delves into the concept of Edge Computing, its benefits, use cases, challenges, and prospects.<h2 id="What-is-Edge-Computing-and-How-it-Works?" id="What-is-Edge-Computing-and-How-it-Works?">What is Edge Computing and How it Works?</h2><h3>What does "Edge" Mean?</h3>The principle of edge computing is based on moving data processing tasks from centralized data centers or cloud environments to the edge of the network, closer to the source of data generation. In the context of edge computing, the term "edge" refers to the geographical distribution of computing nodes in the network that are closer to the source of the data or the end user. The "edge" can be anything from Internet of Things (IoT) devices to local network infrastructure such as routers, switches, or even the user's smartphone or dedicated edge servers. This approach allows for local data storage and analysis, enabling real-time data processing and faster decision-making. By reducing the need to transmit large amounts of data over long distances, Edge Computing helps alleviate network congestion and improve overall network performance.<h3>How does Edge Computing Work?</h3>Edge computing is based on the underlying concept of distributed computing. Distributed computing is a paradigm in which data processing and computation tasks are spread across multiple devices or nodes within a network, rather than being performed solely by a centralized data center or server. By moving data processing and storage closer to the source of the data, edge computing aims to reduce latency, improve network efficiency, and enhance data security and privacy. This approach allows for real-time data processing and faster decision-making, particularly in scenarios where large amounts of data are generated by IoT devices, sensors, and other edge devices.Edge computing can be divided into the following steps:<ol><li>Data Generation: Data is generated by various devices, such as sensors, cameras, smartphones, etc.</li><li>Local Processing: Typically, this data would be sent to remote servers or the cloud for processing. However, in the edge computing model, data is processed closer to the source of data generation. This means data can be processed on local networks, user devices, or dedicated edge nodes.</li><li>Real-time Analysis: Edge computing devices perform real-time data analysis, carrying out necessary tasks such as data aggregation, filtering, and analysis. This allows for immediate responses without waiting for data to be sent to and from remote servers.</li><li>Decision and Action: Based on the real-time analysis results, edge computing devices can make quick decisions and take action. For example, a security camera detecting suspicious activity can immediately trigger an alarm.</li><li>Reduced Data Transmission: Since many data processing tasks are completed locally, only necessary data or processed data is sent to central servers or the cloud. This reduces network traffic and latency and increases efficiency.</li><li>Distributed Network: Edge computing environments are typically distributed, with each node capable of processing information independently. This distributed nature enhances the resilience and reliability of the entire network.</li></ol><h2 id="What-are-the-Benefits-and-Challenges-of-Edge-Computing?" id="What-are-the-Benefits-and-Challenges-of-Edge-Computing?">What are the Benefits and Challenges of Edge Computing?</h2>Like any technology, edge computing has its pros and cons. Still, leveraging its advantages and mitigating or delaying its disadvantages can be well applied in the actual environment we need. Based on the current application of edge computing in services, it has the following advantages and disadvantages:<h3>Advantages of Edge Computing</h3><ul><li>Reduced Latency: Edge computing can significantly reduce latency caused by data transmission by processing data immediately where it is generated.</li><li>Bandwidth Savings: Processing data locally reduces the amount of data that needs to be sent to the cloud, saving bandwidth and reducing costs.</li><li>Increased Response Speed: Edge computing can provide fast data processing capabilities for applications that require real-time or near-real-time reactions.</li><li>Enhanced Privacy and Security: Processing data locally can reduce the transmission of sensitive data, lowering the risk of data breaches or interception.</li><li>Improved Reliability: Even when central servers or networks have issues, edge computing nodes can still operate independently, increasing the overall system's reliability.</li></ul><h3>Disadvantages of Edge Computing</h3>Despite its many advantages, edge computing also has some disadvantages and challenges, including:<ul><li>Security Issues: Edge computing nodes are often distributed in physically more open and uncontrolled environments, which may increase security risks. Devices may be more susceptible to physical damage or unauthorized access, and ensuring the security of all nodes is a challenge due to the large number of devices.</li><li>Management Complexity: Managing thousands of dispersed edge computing nodes is much more complex than managing centralized data centers. This requires more sophisticated management tools and processes to ensure the system's overall performance and health.</li><li>Standardization and Compatibility Issues: The edge computing environment may involve a variety of different hardware and software platforms, and a lack of standardization can lead to compatibility issues, making interoperability between devices and services a challenge.</li><li>Resource Limitations: Edge computing nodes may not have the same powerful computing and storage capabilities as centralized data centers. This means they may be unable to handle large-scale or complex computing tasks.</li><li>Data Privacy and Compliance: Since data is processed locally, it may be necessary to comply with different data protection regulations in multiple locations, making compliance more complex.</li><li>Reliability and Fault Recovery: Edge devices may be more prone to failure, and due to their distributed nature, fault recovery may be more difficult than in centralized data centers.</li><li>Network Dependence: Although edge computing is designed to reduce reliance on central networks, it still requires a stable network to coordinate communication between edge nodes and central data centers.</li></ul>Despite these challenges, the development of edge computing continues, and many organizations and technology communities are working to address these issues to leverage the benefits of edge computing fully. With technological advancements, we can expect these disadvantages to be gradually overcome.<h2 id="Edge-Computing-vs-Cloud-Computing" id="Edge-Computing-vs-Cloud-Computing">Edge Computing vs Cloud Computing</h2>Although there is some overlap in terminology, there are apparent conceptual differences between edge computing and cloud computing. Edge computing can support, simplify, and accelerate cloud-based processes.However, considering that edge computing processes data locally, you run fewer cloud computing processes when using edge computing. The edge can perform intensive computer processing typically done by the cloud. The main differences are:<h3>Data Processing and Storage Location</h3><ul><li>Edge Computing: Data processing and storage occur at the network edge (i.e., on the device or IoT device where the data is generated), reducing data transmission latency.</li><li>Cloud Computing: Data processing and storage take place in centralized data centers, with global data access enabled via the Internet.</li></ul><h3>Latency</h3><ul><li>Edge Computing: Lower latency due to data processing and storage being closer to the data source.</li><li>Cloud Computing: Higher latency may occur as data needs to be processed in centralized data centers.</li></ul><h3>Scalability</h3><ul><li>Edge Computing: Scalability may be limited by device and network constraints, resulting in relatively lower scalability.</li><li>Cloud Computing: Easy and rapid scaling of data storage and processing capabilities, offering high scalability.</li></ul><h3>Cost-effectiveness</h3><ul><li>Edge Computing: May require more devices and network resources, leading to higher costs.</li><li>Cloud Computing: Centralized data centers enable resource sharing, reducing infrastructure investment and offering high cost-effectiveness.</li></ul><h3>Data Privacy and Security</h3><ul><li>Edge Computing: Data processing on the device itself may provide higher privacy protection.</li><li>Cloud Computing: Data processing and storage in centralized data centers may face more security challenges.</li></ul><h3>Integration and Applications</h3><ul><li>Edge Computing: Suitable for remote locations, limited or unable to connect to centralized locations, such as real-time data processing and analysis.</li><li>Cloud Computing: Suitable for scenarios requiring large-scale data storage and processing, as well as applications needing rapid scaling and global access.</li></ul>In summary, choosing between Edge Computing and Cloud Computing depends on the specific needs of the application. Some applications may benefit from the low latency of Edge Computing, while others may benefit from the scalability and cost-effectiveness of Cloud Computing. Many applications may use a combination of both technologies.<h2 id="Use-Cases-and-Applications" id="Use-Cases-and-Applications">Use Cases and Applications</h2>In real life, due to the wide range of edge use cases, the adoption of this service is expected to grow gradually over the next few years. Here are some representative industry applications:<ul><li>Autonomous Vehicles: With the increase in electrification in the global automotive field, representative companies such as Tesla and other autonomous vehicles need to process a large amount of sensor data in real time to make driving decisions. Edge computing can quickly process this data locally in the car, ensuring that response times meet safety requirements. These vehicles will be equipped with sensors to ensure that cars drive safely and smoothly on the road.</li><li>&nbsp;Smart Cities: Smart cities comprise intelligent vehicles, energy, homes, and infrastructure. Each individual part that makes up a smart city requires a certain degree of edge computing to operate at the speed of life. For example, smart traffic lights, on-site cameras, and other sensor detection tools can use edge computing technology to facilitate faster analysis and decision-making.</li><li>Internet of Things (IoT): In areas such as smart homes, industrial IoT (IIoT), and smart agriculture, edge computing can process data from sensors in real-time, intelligently control devices, and reduce data transmission to central servers.</li><li>Video Analysis: In security monitoring and content delivery networks (CDNs), edge computing can be used for real-time video analysis, performing facial recognition, traffic monitoring, or optimizing video stream transmission.</li><li>Augmented reality and virtual reality: Edge Computing can enhance the performance of AR and VR applications by reducing latency and ensuring smooth, immersive experiences for users.</li><li>Healthcare: Edge Computing can facilitate remote patient monitoring, telemedicine, and real-time diagnostics, improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.</li></ul><h2 id="The-Future-of-Edge-Computing" id="The-Future-of-Edge-Computing">The Future of Edge Computing</h2>The future of edge computing looks promising and is set to revolutionize various industries by enabling real-time data processing, reducing latency, and improving network efficiency. Here are a few predictions:<ul><li style="margin-left:0px;">Integration with 5G: The rollout of 5G networks will greatly enhance the capabilities of edge computing. The high-speed, low-latency communication offered by 5G will allow for more data to be processed at the edge, enabling more sophisticated and responsive applications.</li><li style="margin-left:0px;">Growth of IoT: The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) will drive the adoption of edge computing. As more devices connect to the internet and generate data, the need for edge computing to process this data in real time will increase.</li><li style="margin-left:0px;">Enhanced Security: Edge computing can potentially offer enhanced security by decentralizing data processing and storage, thus reducing the risk of data breaches. However, securing edge devices will also become increasingly important.</li><li style="margin-left:0px;">AI and Machine Learning at the Edge: As artificial intelligence and machine learning continue to advance, more AI processing will occur at the edge. This will enable devices to learn from data in real-time, making them more intelligent and responsive.</li><li style="margin-left:0px;">Sustainable Computing: Edge computing can also contribute to more sustainable and efficient use of resources by reducing the amount of data that needs to be transported to and processed in data centers, which can save energy.</li><li style="margin-left:0px;">New Business Models: The rise of edge computing will also lead to the emergence of new business models and services, particularly in sectors such as cloud computing, data centers, and telecommunications.</li></ul>Edge computing will play a crucial role in the future of technology and digital transformation, driving innovation and efficiency in numerous sectors.<h2 id="Edge-Computing-Services-of-Tencent-EdgeOne" id="Edge-Computing-Services-of-Tencent-EdgeOne">Edge Computing Services of Tencent EdgeOne</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> is a next-generation CDN (Content Delivery Network) service offered by Tencent Cloud. Unlike traditional CDNs, EdgeOne not only provides <a href="https://test.edgeone.ai/document/56724">acceleration services </a>but also adds several <a href="https://test.edgeone.ai/document/58013">security features</a>. Based on Tencent's edge computing nodes, EdgeOne offers a comprehensive solution for acceleration and security, ensuring a smooth user experience for industries such as e-commerce, retail, financial services, content information, and gaming. Please <a href="https://test.edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.

What is Edge Computing and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Edge Computing?

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of FaaS?

The Relationship between IaaS, PaaS, and FaaS

Why do Customers Choose Tencent EdgeOne Edge Function？

<h2 id="What-is-Function-as-a-Service?" id="What-is-Function-as-a-Service?" id="What-is-Function-as-a-Service?" id="What-is-Function-as-a-Service?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is Function-as-a-Service?</h2>Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) is a form of cloud computing that empowers developers to execute applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. It provides an environment for designing microservices applications using event-driven computing. FaaS allows the execution of modular code snippets in response to specific triggers, thereby creating a "serverless" architecture. This approach simplifies operations, enabling developers to focus more on coding individual functions than managing servers or infrastructure, enhancing software delivery efficiency.<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/6bfb9ee3-573b-4e31-8268-35f9dbbdd026.png" alt="Faas.png"></figure><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">FaaS vs Serverless</h3>FaaS (Function as a Service) and Serverless are two terms often used interchangeably in the context of cloud computing. However, they have distinct meanings and use cases. Here's a comparison of FaaS and Serverless:<h4>Definition</h4><ul><li>FaaS: Function as a Service is a specific type of serverless computing that allows developers to run individual functions or pieces of code in response to events without having to manage the underlying infrastructure. FaaS automatically scales, manages resources, and provisions the required infrastructure to execute the functions.</li><li>Serverless: Serverless computing is a broader concept that encompasses FaaS but also includes other cloud computing services that abstract the underlying infrastructure management. In a serverless architecture, developers can build and deploy applications without worrying about the management of servers or other infrastructure components. The cloud provider handles the scaling, patching, and maintenance of the infrastructure.</li></ul><h4>Use Cases</h4><ul><li>FaaS: FaaS is ideal for event-driven applications, such as real-time data processing, image or video processing, and IoT data processing. It is also suitable for microservices architectures, where individual functions can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.</li><li>Serverless: Serverless computing can be used in a wide range of applications, including web applications, APIs, data processing pipelines, and more. Serverless architectures can include FaaS, but they can also use other cloud services, such as databases, storage, and messaging systems.</li></ul>In summary, FaaS is a specific type of serverless computing that focuses on running individual functions in response to events. Serverless is a broader concept that includes FaaS and other cloud services that abstract the infrastructure management. Both FaaS and Serverless aim to simplify application development and deployment by eliminating the need for developers to manage the underlying infrastructure.<h2 id="How-does-FaaS-Work?" id="How-does-FaaS-Work?" id="How-does-FaaS-Work?" id="How-does-FaaS-Work?">How does FaaS Work?</h2>Firstly, developers write snippets of code known as functions, which contain specific tasks or features. These functions are executed when a particular event occurs, such as an HTTP request, a database operation, or other user-defined events.These functions are allocated to corresponding containers for execution in the computing resources. After execution, these containers are closed, and their computing resources are released. Therefore, users only pay for the computing resources used rather than for the resources needed to keep the server always open.Thus, FaaS works "execution-on-demand"; functions are executed only when specific events are triggered. This allows developers to focus on writing business logic while ignoring the underlying runtime environment and hardware issues. Also, due to FaaS's high elasticity, it can quickly respond to workloads of various scales. So, what is the benefit of FaaS?<figure class="image"><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/39767bdf-e304-4a0d-bcf5-d7f72f452974.png" alt="faas_work.png"></figure><h2 id="What-are-the-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-FaaS?" id="What-are-the-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-FaaS?" id="What-are-the-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-FaaS?" id="What-are-the-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-FaaS?">What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of FaaS?</h2><h3>Advantages of FaaS</h3>The benefits of Function as a Service (FaaS) can be summarized into several key points:<ol><li>Pay-as-you-go: FaaS effectively saves resources by charging only for what is actually used, avoiding the waste of idle resources.</li><li>Automatic Scaling: FaaS can automatically respond to and adapt to changing business requirements without manual intervention, greatly optimizing resource allocation.</li><li>Developer Focus: FaaS frees developers from tedious server and infrastructure management, allowing them to focus on code writing and optimization.</li></ol>Through these benefits, Function as a Service (FaaS) optimizes the development process, reduces operating costs, and enhances productivity and system resilience. Having discussed the benefits of Function as a Service (FaaS), it's equally important to consider its potential drawbacks. While FaaS offers numerous advantages, such as resource savings, automatic scaling, and shifting the focus of developers, like any technology, it's not without flaws.<h3>Disadvantages of FaaS</h3>&nbsp;Function as a Service (FaaS) has a few potential drawbacks:<ol><li>Cold Starts: The delay when a function is invoked after idle can affect performance.</li><li>Complexity: Implementing FaaS can be complex and requires a good understanding of the service to avoid issues.</li><li>Debugging &amp; Monitoring: Identifying and solving issues in a serverless architecture can be challenging.</li><li>Vendor Dependency: Tying to a single provider may limit flexibility and lead to vendor lock-in.</li></ol><h2 id="The-Relationship-between-IaaS,-PaaS,-and-FaaS" id="The-Relationship-between-IaaS,-PaaS,-and-FaaS" id="The-Relationship-between-IaaS,-PaaS,-and-FaaS" id="The-Relationship-between-IaaS,-PaaS,-and-FaaS" style="margin-left:0px;">The Relationship between IaaS, PaaS, and FaaS</h2>In the world of cloud computing, Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) all play crucial roles. Their relationship can be understood through the lens of "levels of abstraction."<ol><li>IaaS: IaaS offers users a complete set of infrastructure resources, including virtual machines, storage, and network resources. Users have full control over these resources for application deployment and management. However, the burden of maintenance and configuration lies with the users themselves.</li><li>PaaS: PaaS further abstracts the infrastructure, providing a direct application development and operation platform, including databases and middleware services. For developers, they only need to focus on the development of the application itself, without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.</li><li>FaaS: FaaS is the highest level of abstraction. It requires developers to provide a piece of code executed when specific events are triggered. This further alleviates the burden on developers and enhances overall efficiency and performance. When no events need processing, these functions automatically shut down, thus conserving resources.</li></ol>IaaS, PaaS, and FaaS offer varying levels of abstraction and control. Users can choose the service that best fits their needs and skills.<h3>FaaS vs PaaS</h3>In the field of cloud computing, Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) are both popular service models, but they have different features and applicable scenarios.In FaaS, developers focus on individual functional code, with the platform automatically managing the underlying structure and triggering the code in response to specific events. FaaS can automatically shut down in the absence of event-driven, saving resources.In contrast, PaaS provides a platform for developers to develop, run, and even scale applications without worrying about infrastructure. PaaS offers the development environment, runtime environment, operating system, etc., like Google App Engine. If an application needs to run continuously, requires more runtime environment and framework choices, and hopes to have better control over it, then PaaS may be a better choice.In essence, the main difference between FaaS and PaaS is the level of abstraction they provide from the underlying infrastructure. FaaS provides a higher level of abstraction than PaaS, allowing developers to focus purely on their code and not worry about managing or scaling infrastructure. However, PaaS offers more environmental control, which can benefit more complex applications.<h2 id="Why-do-Customers-Choose-Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Function？" id="Why-do-Customers-Choose-Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Function？" id="Why-do-Customers-Choose-Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Function？" id="Why-do-Customers-Choose-Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Function？">Why do Customers Choose Tencent EdgeOne Edge Function？</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/function">Tencent EdgeOne Edge Function</a> is a serverless function computing service from Tencent Cloud designed to help users easily build edge computing applications. It allows users to run function code on edge nodes close to the user, thus realizing low latency, high availability, and scalability. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/53372">Edge Function</a> has the following features:<ol><li>Serverless Computing: Edge Function<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;"> utilizes a serverless architecture, so users do not need to manage a server and can simply upload code to run on edge nodes.</li><li>Low Latency: Edge Function is deployed on edge nodes worldwide, and users can choose the nearest edge node according to their geographic location to realize low latency access.</li><li>Elastic Scaling: Edge Function automatically expands and shrinks function instances according to the call demand, improving resource utilization.</li><li>Rapid Deployment: Users only need to write function code to deploy applications on Edge Function, shortening the uptime quickly. Security and stability: Edge Function provides underlying computing resource management, including server CPU, memory, network, and so on, to ensure the safe and stable operation of services.</li><li>Integration with other services of Tencent Cloud: Edge Function connects with other cloud components through the event registration and callback mechanism and provides standard API interfaces, which makes it convenient for users to use other services of Tencent Cloud.</li></ol>Feel free to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.

What is FaaS and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is FaaS?

A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a network technology designed to improve webpage loading speeds, optimize user experience, and enhance website availability by replicating and storing content on servers globally. To effectively measure and optimize the performance of a CDN, we need to focus on some key performance indicators.<h2 id="What-are-the-CDN-Performance-Metrics?" id="What-are-the-CDN-Performance-Metrics?">What are the CDN Performance Metrics?</h2><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">CDN Performance refers to the efficiency and effectiveness of a Content Delivery Network (CDN) in transmitting and distributing content. This typically includes several vital indicators: Request Latency, Packet Loss Rate, Throughput, Hit Rate, Time to Live (TTL), Bandwidth, Connection Time, etc.Content Delivery Network (CDN) performance metrics mainly include the following aspects:<ol><li>Request Latency: This refers to the time it takes from when a user sends a request to when they receive a response. Lower request latency means users can get the content they request faster.</li><li>Packet Loss Rate: This refers to the proportion of data packets lost during transmission. A lower packet loss rate means data can be transmitted more reliably.</li><li>Throughput: This refers to the amount of data the CDN can handle in a unit of time. Higher throughput means the CDN can handle many requests more efficiently.</li><li>Hit Rate: This refers to the proportion of requests for content that are found and successfully returned from the CDN's cache. A higher hit rate means the CDN can effectively provide content from its cache, reducing requests to the origin server and speeding up content delivery.</li><li>Time to Live (TTL): This refers to the time data exists in the network. In a CDN, TTL is typically used to control when content in the cache should be updated or deleted.</li><li>Bandwidth: This refers to the maximum data transfer rate the CDN can provide.</li><li>Connection Time: This refers to the time it takes to establish a connection, including DNS resolution time, TCP connection time, and SSL handshake time.</li></ol>There are many factors that affect CDN performance, mainly including:<ol><li>Distribution of CDN nodes: The geographical location and number of CDN nodes directly affect the speed and efficiency of content transmission. The more nodes and the wider the distribution, the better the performance is usually.</li><li>Network conditions: Factors including network congestion and network stability can affect CDN performance.</li><li>Caching strategy: The caching strategy of a CDN affects the hit rate and the speed of content updates, thereby affecting performance.</li><li>Load balancing: How to effectively distribute traffic among CDN nodes can also affect CDN performance.</li><li>Content type: Different types of content (such as static files, dynamic content, streaming media, etc.) may require different optimization strategies, affecting CDN performance.</li><li>Hardware and software: The hardware configuration and software optimization of CDN nodes can also affect their performance.</li></ol><h2 id="Round-Trip-Time-(RTT)" id="Round-Trip-Time-(RTT)" style="margin-left:0px;">Round-Trip Time (RTT)</h2><h3>What is Round-Trip Time?</h3>Round Trip Time (RTT) refers to the time it takes for a request to be sent and a response to be received. In network communication, RTT measures the total time it takes for a message to travel from the sender to the receiver and back. RTT includes the time it takes for data to be transmitted from the sender to the receiver and the time for the receiver to process the request and send back a response. It is an essential metric for measuring network latency and is typically expressed in milliseconds (ms). Calculating RTT normally involves sending a request from the sender and waiting for the receiver to return a response. The value of RTT can be determined by measuring the time difference between sending the request and receiving the response. RTT is crucial for network performance and user experience. A lower RTT indicates faster data transmission and quicker response times, improving network efficiency and user satisfaction. Optimizing network topology, reducing data transmission distance, selecting faster network paths, and using efficient protocols can help reduce RTT.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/32bac31e-9353-4797-bcce-b37319c385bb.jpg" alt="rtt.jpg"><h3>What are the factors that affect Round-Trip Time?</h3>RTT is an essential indicator of network performance and directly affects the user experience. Here are some key factors that influence RTT:<ol><li>Network Distance: Physical distance is a significant factor affecting RTT. Packets must be transmitted between the sender and receiver, so the greater the distance, the higher the RTT.</li><li>Network Congestion: The number of packets in the network can also affect RTT. If there are too many packets in the network, it can lead to network congestion, thereby increasing RTT.</li><li>Network Equipment Performance: The performance of network equipment, such as routers and switches, can also impact RTT. If the equipment performance is poor, it may slow down the processing speed of packets, thereby increasing RTT.</li><li>Packet Size: The size of the packets can also influence RTT. Generally, the larger the packet, the longer the transmission time, increasing RTT.</li><li>Transmission Medium: Different transmission mediums (like fiber optics, copper wires, and wireless) have different transmission speeds, which can also affect RTT.</li><li>Network Protocol: Different network protocols (like TCP, UDP) handle packets in different ways, which can also potentially impact RTT.</li></ol><h3>How does CDN improve Round-Trip Time?</h3>CDN can improve Round Trip Time (RTT) by implementing the following measures:<ol><li>Edge node deployment: CDN providers typically deploy multiple edge nodes worldwide. These edge nodes are located closer to the users, enabling faster content delivery and reducing RTT.</li><li>Intelligent routing algorithms: CDN can utilize intelligent routing algorithms to select the optimal network path, considering factors such as network topology, latency, and bandwidth. This helps minimize RTT.</li><li>TCP optimization: CDN can employ TCP optimization techniques to reduce RTT. For example, TCP Fast Open (TFO) can reduce the time required for TCP connection establishment, thereby lowering RTT.</li><li>Pre-fetching and preloading: CDN can pre-fetch and preload content on edge nodes, caching content closer to the users. This allows for faster response times and reduced RTT when users request the content.</li><li>Lazy loading and incremental updates: CDN can utilize lazy loading and incremental update techniques to transmit only parts of a page or the updated content rather than the entire page. This reduces data transfer and subsequently lowers RTT.</li><li>Optimizing network connections: CDN providers can collaborate with Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to optimize network connections, reducing latency at intermediate nodes and minimizing RTT.</li><li>Monitoring and optimization: CDN providers monitor and analyze RTT data to assess network performance and make necessary optimizations. By monitoring RTT, they can identify network bottlenecks and high-latency regions, taking appropriate measures to improve CDN performance.</li></ol><h2 id="Time-to-Live-(TTL)" id="Time-to-Live-(TTL)">Time-to-Live (TTL)</h2><h3><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">What is Time-to-Live?</h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54764"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">Time-to-Live (TTL)</a><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;"> is a parameter used in computer networks to control the lifespan of data packets. It specifies the maximum amount of time a packet can exist in the network before it is discarded or deleted. TTL is typically measured in seconds and is set and used in the header of IP (Internet Protocol) packets. Each time a packet passes through a router, the router decrements the TTL value by 1. When the TTL reaches 0, the router discards the packet and returns a "Time Exceeded" error message to the source address. The primary purpose of TTL is to prevent data packets from circulating indefinitely in the network, avoiding network congestion and resource wastage. By limiting the lifespan of packets in the network, TTL ensures that packets either reach their destination within a reasonable time or are discarded, thereby maintaining network stability and efficiency. In addition to controlling the lifespan of packets in the IP protocol, TTL can also be used in other network protocols and applications. For example, in the Domain Name System (DNS), TTL is used to specify the caching time for DNS resolution results, controlling how frequently clients query DNS servers.<h3><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">How does CDN improve Time-to-Live?</h3>CDN (Content Delivery Network) can improve Time-to-Live (TTL) by implementing the following measures:<ol><li>Content caching: CDN reduces requests to the origin server by caching content on its edge nodes. When an edge node receives a request, it can directly serve the cached content without accessing the origin server. This reduces the load on the origin server, decreases latency, and improves TTL.</li><li>Dynamic TTL management: CDN can dynamically manage TTL based on the frequency and importance of content updates. CDN can set shorter TTL for frequently updated content to ensure users receive the latest content promptly. CDN can set longer TTL for less frequent changes in content to reduce requests to the origin server and network traffic.</li><li>Intelligent caching strategies: CDN can employ intelligent caching strategies based on user geography, access patterns, and demands. By caching content on edge nodes closer to users, CDN reduces the distance data packets need to travel, improves response times, and extends TTL.</li><li>Pre-fetching and preloading: CDN can pre-fetch and preload content, caching it on edge nodes in advance. This allows CDN to serve the cached content directly when users request it without waiting for a response from the origin server, reducing latency and improving TTL.</li><li>DNS resolution optimization: CDN can improve TTL by optimizing DNS resolution. By caching DNS resolution results on edge nodes and setting appropriate TTL, CDN reduces frequent queries to DNS servers, improves resolution speed, and lowers TTL.</li></ol><h2 id="Cache-Hit-Ratio" id="Cache-Hit-Ratio">Cache Hit Ratio</h2><h3><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">What is the Cache Hit Ratio?</h3><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">The Cache Hit Ratio refers to the proportion of requested data already present in the cache system. It represents the efficiency and success rate of retrieving data from the cache.&nbsp;The Cache Hit Ratio can be calculated using the following formula:Cache Hit Ratio = (Cache Hits / Total Requests) * 100%<span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">Here, Cache Hits refers to the number of times the requested data is found in the cache, and Total Requests refers to the overall number of requests made. A higher Cache Hit Ratio indicates that more requests are being served from the cache without accessing the original data source (such as a database or remote server). This can significantly improve system performance and response times while reducing the load on the original data source. The Cache Hit Ratio is influenced by various factors, including cache size, cache policies, data access patterns, and data update frequency. By optimizing cache policies, appropriately sizing the cache, and monitoring the Cache Hit Ratio, the efficiency and performance of the cache system can be improved.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/d099e80a-0352-4922-bcb5-8b508658347b.png" alt="cache.png"><h3><span style="color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">How does CDN improve the Cache Hit Ratio?</h3>CDN (Content Delivery Network) can improve the cache hit ratio by implementing the following measures:<ol><li>Static content caching: CDN caches static content such as images, CSS, and JavaScript files on its edge nodes to improve the cache hit ratio. When users request these static contents, CDN can serve them directly from the edge nodes without accessing the origin server, increasing the hit ratio.</li><li>Dynamic content caching: In addition to static content, CDN can also cache dynamic content, such as dynamically generated web pages or API responses. CDN can dynamically manage cache policies based on the frequency and importance of content updates to improve the cache hit ratio for dynamic content.</li><li>Intelligent caching strategies: CDN can employ intelligent caching strategies based on user geography, access patterns, and demands. CDN reduces the distance data packets need to travel by caching content on edge nodes closer to users, thereby improving the hit ratio.</li><li>Pre-fetching and preloading: CDN can pre-fetch and preload content, caching it on edge nodes in advance. This allows CDN to serve the cached content directly when users request it without waiting for a response from the origin server. This reduces latency and improves the cache hit ratio.</li><li>Cache policy optimization: CDN can optimize cache policies based on different types of content and access patterns. For example, CDN can use longer cache times and larger cache space for popular content to improve the hit ratio.</li></ol><h2 id="Why-do-customers-choose-Tencent-EdgeOne?" id="Why-do-customers-choose-Tencent-EdgeOne?" style="margin-left:0px;">Why do customers choose Tencent EdgeOne?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;">EdgeOne</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;"> is a next-generation Edge Services provider that delivers unparalleled speed, dependable protection, and an extremely flexible programmable platform for your global services, regardless of scale.

What is a CDN Metric? - Tencent EdgeOne

What are CDN Performance Metrics?

A rules engine is a tool used to manage and execute rule-based logic. It is based on a predefined set of rules and automatically performs corresponding actions or decisions based on input data and conditions. Rules can be represented in a condition-action format, where conditions describe specific situations or events, and actions define the operations to be executed when the conditions are met. Multiple rules can exist, each with its own conditions and actions.<h2 id="Advantages-of-a-Rules-Engine" id="Advantages-of-a-Rules-Engine">Advantages of a Rules Engine</h2>The advantages of a rules engine lie in its flexibility and scalability. Users can easily define and manage complex business rules without modifying the underlying code by using a rules engine. A rules engine also enhances the automation of business processes, reducing manual intervention and improving efficiency and accuracy.Rules engines find extensive applications in various domains, including business process management, decision support systems, risk assessment, fraud detection, network service assurance, and more. They provide organizations and enterprises with a flexible and configurable way to manage and execute complex business rules.<h2 id="How-Does-a-Rules-Engine-Work?" id="How-Does-a-Rules-Engine-Work?">How Does a Rules Engine Work?</h2>Taking the example of the rules engine in EdgeOne, the working process of a rules engine can be summarized in the following steps:<ol style="list-style-type:decimal;"><li>Rule Definition: Firstly, the rules engine needs to define a set of rules based on specific business requirements. Each rule consists of conditions and actions. Conditions describe specific situations or events, while actions define the operations to be executed when the conditions are met.</li><li>Data Input: The rules engine receives input data, which it uses to match against the rules. Input data from user sites can include domain names, IP addresses, file names, etc.</li><li>Rule Matching: The rules engine matches the input data against the rules in the rule repository. It checks each rule's conditions individually to determine which rules' conditions match the input data.</li><li>Inference and Decision: Once the rules engine finds rules that match the input data, it triggers the corresponding actions. These actions can trigger cache configurations, network optimization, intelligent compression, or other business processes.</li><li>Output Result: The rules engine generates corresponding policies, including URL rewriting, modification of HTTP headers, and other domain acceleration functionalities.</li></ol>A rules engine's working process is typically automated. It can quickly perform rule matching and inference based on a predefined set of rules, covering differentiated scenarios in business requirements.<h2 id="What-is-the-Rule-Engine-Design-Pattern?" id="What-is-the-Rule-Engine-Design-Pattern?">What is the Rule Engine Design Pattern?</h2>The rule engine design pattern is a software development technique that separates rules from the logic of rule processing, following the single responsibility principle. This design pattern allows for the easy addition of new rules without modifying the rest of the system and adheres to the open/closed principle.The rule engine design pattern consists of an Evaluator class that iterates through a collection of rules, executes them, evaluates the results, and determines actions to take. These rules implement a simple interface, such as IDiscountRule, with a single responsibility and can be simple or complex as needed. This approach enables better code organization, improved readability, maintainability, and testability, especially when there is a need to replace long if-else or switch statements or when data may match multiple conditions and have multiple processes running against it. The rule engine design pattern is particularly useful when different rule sets need to be applied based on specific conditions, such as the record version or a customer object's properties. By separating rules from the processing logic, developers can easily manage and update rules without impacting the overall system architecture.<h2 id="Rules-Engine-in-EdgeOne" id="Rules-Engine-in-EdgeOne">Rules Engine in EdgeOne</h2>Compared to internet content delivery acceleration services specifically designed for application layer protocols like HTTP/HTTPS, the rules engine in EdgeOne is particularly suitable for content delivery of websites, online applications, streaming media, and more. The rules engine, through its rich configuration options such as cache optimization, file optimization, network optimization, etc., helps you achieve more customized, efficient, and stable content delivery. This enhances the satisfaction of your business users and strengthens the competitiveness of your website, application, or other online services.The rules engine suits configurations with differences in matching conditions, such as different subdomains, paths, or file extensions. It also supports basic configurations like caching and HTTPS and additional acceleration features like custom cache keys, URL rewriting, and modification of HTTP headers, catering to your specific business needs.<h3>Supported Matching Types</h3>The conditions that can be configured in EdgeOne's rules engine are listed in the table below for you to refer to.<figure class="table" style="width:100%;"><table class="ck-table-resized"><colgroup><col style="width:22.15%;"><col style="width:24.59%;"><col style="width:53.26%;"></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Type</th><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Description</th><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Sample values</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOST</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Request Host</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><code>www.example.com</code></td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">URL Path</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Request URL path</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">If you need to match the <code>/example/foo/bar</code> Path, you can fill in: <code>/example/foo/bar</code>. If you need to match the <code>/example</code> directory and all files under the directory, you can fill in: <code>/example/*</code>.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">URL Full</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Complete the content of the requested URL</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><code>https://www.example.com/foo</code></td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Query string</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Query string in the request URL</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Parameter name: key parameter value: value</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">File extension</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">File extension (file extension) of the request content</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">jpg, png, CSS</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">File name</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">File name of the requested content</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">foo.txt</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HTTP request header</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HTTP request header</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HTTP request header name: name HTTP request header value: value</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Client geolocation</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Country/region of the client IP</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">United States</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Request protocol</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Requested protocol type</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HTTPS or HTTP</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">All</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Any site request</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">N/A</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3>Supported Actions</h3>Actions refer to a series of functional configurations executed within the rules engine when a matching request is hit. The table below shows the rules engine's supported matching types and actions. For more details, please see the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54759">Supported Matching Types and Actions</a>.<figure class="table" style="width:100%;"><table class="ck-table-resized"><colgroup><col style="width:21.92%;"><col style="width:44.6%;"><col style="width:33.48%;"></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Action</th><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Description</th><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Supported Matching Types</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46175">Node Cache TTL</a>&nbsp;</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">By configuring the cache TTL, you can optimize the node cache to improve resource loading and update resources promptly.</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOSTURL FULLURL PathFile nameFile extension</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46176">Browser Cache TTL</a></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">By adjusting the cache period of resources in browsers, you can optimize the browser cache and increase the loading speed of the requested resources.</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOSTURL FULLURL PathFile nameFile extensionQuery stringClient geolocation</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"> <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/47615">Custom Cache Key</a></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">A cache key can be customized to suit your needs by setting the query string, HTTP header, and URL case to load requested resources faster.</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOSTURL FULLURL PathFile nameFile extensionQuery string HTTP Request HeaderClient geolocation</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46964">Status Code Cache TTL</a></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">You can specify a TTL period for origin response status codes, allowing the node to respond with non-2XX codes directly.</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOSTURL FULLURL PathFile nameFile extensionQuery string</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/48548">Cache Prefresh</a></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Cached resources are validated via origin-pull before expiration so that your site can respond to requests more rapidly.</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOSTURL FULLURL PathFile nameFile extension</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;"><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46177">Offline Cache</a></td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">After offline caching is enabled, when your origin fails and resources cannot be pulled through origin-pull, typically, resources cached on nodes (even expired resources) can be used until the origin recovers.</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HOSTURL FULLURL PathFile nameFile extensionQuery string HTTP Request HeaderClient geolocation</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3>How to Configure?</h3>Here is a simple example provided for readers to reference.<pre><code class="language-plaintext">When the request URL is: https://test.example.com/example/1.jpg, the file is cached for a duration of 10 minutes.

When the request URL is: https://test.example.com/example/1.mp4, the file is not subjected to caching.

When the request URL is: https://test.example.com/video/1.jpg, it does not conform to the stipulated rule.</code></pre><figure class="image"><img src="https://cloudcache.intl.tencent-cloud.com/cms/backend-cms/546f80ed81fd11ee830f5254005ab4e2.png" alt="img"></figure><h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/register?s_url=https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent EdgeOne</a> provides users with more flexibility and granularity in business services. You can customize matching types and apply them to corresponding actions according to your needs. If you would like to learn more, please feel free to contact us anytime.&nbsp;

What is a Rules Engine and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a Rules Engine?

<h2 id="What-is-Caching?" id="What-is-Caching?">What is Caching?</h2>Cache is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster. When data is repeatedly requested, cache can significantly improve performance and efficiency.In computer science, cache is often used to store frequently accessed data to reduce access time. For example, web browsers like Chrome or Firefox cache web page content so that when users visit the same web page again, the page can be loaded faster. Operating systems also cache data read from the hard drive so that it can be accessed faster the next time.The main goal of cache is to store a copy of the data closer to the data requester (usually in terms of physical distance), thereby reducing the time to access the original data source and improving the efficiency of the program.<h2 id="What-is-Browser-Cache-and-How-it-Works?" id="What-is-Browser-Cache-and-How-it-Works?">What is Browser Cache and How it Works?</h2>Browser cache is a technology that stores web page files locally, these files may include HTML files, CSS style sheets, JavaScript scripts, images, and other multimedia content.When you first visit a webpage, the browser downloads all necessary resources and saves them in the local cache. &nbsp;Then, when you visit the same webpage again, the browser checks whether the resources in the cache are still up-to-date. &nbsp;If they are, the browser will load the resources directly from the cache; &nbsp;if they are not, or if the resources do not exist in the cache, the browser will download new resources from the server. &nbsp;This process is automatic and usually not noticeable to the user.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/bd047308-fb76-4124-8e30-f10622185c68.png" alt="browserCache.png"><h3>The Role of Caching</h3>The main functions of browser cache are as follows:Improve loading speed: When a user visits a cached web page, the browser can load files directly from the local hard drive, without having to request these files from the server again. This greatly reduces the loading time and improves the user experience.Reduce the use of network bandwidth: By reducing requests to the server, browser cache can help save network bandwidth. This is especially useful for network connections with traffic restrictions.Reduce server load: Browser cache can reduce the load on the server, as the server does not need to send a full response for each request. This is very important for high-traffic websites.Offline browsing: In some cases, if a user has visited a page and then lost the network connection, browser cache can allow the user to browse the page offline.<h3>Why You Need to Clear Browser Cache?</h3>Get the latest version of the web page: If the content of the website has been updated, but the browser still loads the old content from the cache, then the user may not be able to see the latest web page content. Clearing the cache ensures that the browser gets the latest content from the server.Solve loading or formatting problems: Sometimes, cached files may be corrupted or have errors, which may cause the web page to not load or display correctly. In this case, clearing the browser cache may help solve the problem.Free up storage space: Browser cache takes up space on the computer's hard drive. If your device has limited storage space, regularly clearing the browser cache can help free up some space.Protect privacy<span style="background-color:rgb(243,243,243);color:rgb(36,41,47);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">: Browser cache may contain some of your private information, such as login status, browsing history, etc. If you do not want others to access this information, clearing the browser cache can help protect your privacy.<h2 id="What-is-CDN-Node-Cache?" id="What-is-CDN-Node-Cache?">What is CDN Node Cache?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/node-cache">CDN node cache</a>, refers to the cache stored on each node server of the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/cdn">CDN (Content Delivery Network)</a>.In the CDN system, the original content is stored on the source server. When a user first requests a certain content, the nearest CDN node (also known as the edge server) will obtain this content from the source server and then store it locally, which is the so-called CDN node cache. When other users request the same content, the CDN node can directly provide the content from the local cache, without having to obtain it from the source server again, which can greatly improve the loading speed of the content, reduce the burden on the source server, and also improve the availability of the content.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/b369e6b0-512f-43c8-9c26-96a0775ec0b7.png" alt="缓存服务是如何工作的.png"><h3>What is CDN Cache Hit and What is Cache Miss?</h3>When the content requested by the user has been cached on the CDN's edge server (also known as the node), then this request is considered a "cache hit". In this case, the edge server can directly provide the cached content to the user, without having to obtain the content from the source server. This can greatly improve the loading speed of the content and improve the user experience.On the contrary, if the content requested by the user has not been cached on the CDN's edge server, then this request is considered a "cache miss". In this case, the edge server needs to obtain the content from the source server, and then provide the content to the user. This may increase the loading time of the content, because it needs to obtain the content from the source server.CDN service providers usually strive to optimize their cache policies to improve the cache hit rate, because a high cache hit rate can improve the loading speed of the content, improve the user experience, and also reduce the burden on the source server. <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">EdgeOne</a> can optimize and improve the cache hit rate through the following configuration tuning:<ol><li>Adjust node cache TTL configuration</li><li>Custom Cache Key Cache key that points requests of the same type to a cache file</li><li>URL preheating</li><li>Enable cache pre-refresh</li><li>Reasonable use of change mechanisms</li></ol>Learn more about EdgeOne site <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56724">acceleration</a> and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56195">caching configuration</a>.<h2 id="Why-Recommend-Tencent-EdgeOne?" id="Why-Recommend-Tencent-EdgeOne?">Why Recommend Tencent EdgeOne?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/45962">Tencent EdgeOne</a> resources are distributed in more than 100 countries and regions, with a total network bandwidth exceeding 160Tbps. It covers more than 2800 acceleration nodes and more than 50 small and medium-sized operator access points worldwide. Each node's storage capacity ranges from 40TB to 1.5PB, and the bandwidth load can reach 40Gbps to over 200Gbps. The huge network effectively improves the access quality of different regions and different operators, and can well cope with traffic bursts.Please <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact us</a> for more information.

What is Cache and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Browser Cache?

What are other forms of DNS Load Balancing?

DNS Load Balancing vs. Hardware Load Balancing

Advantages of Tencent EdgeOne DNS Load Balancing&nbsp;

<h2 id="What-is-DNS-Load-Balancing?" id="What-is-DNS-Load-Balancing?">What is DNS Load Balancing?</h2>DNS Load Balancing is a technique that involves using the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/dns">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) to distribute network or application traffic across multiple servers. This method is designed to optimize resource use, maximize throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overloading any single resource.In DNS Load Balancing, when a DNS query is made, the DNS server responds not with a single IP address, but with one out of a list of IP addresses corresponding to several servers that host identical services. The DNS server takes into account several factors when deciding which IP address to return, including the number of current connections to the servers, the geographical location of the client, and the health of the servers.This technique helps to improve the performance and reliability of a network or application by ensuring that no single server becomes a bottleneck. It's a cost-effective solution that's easier to set up and manage compared to other load balancing methods, making it a popular choice for distributing network or application traffic.<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Fira Sans&quot;, &quot;Droid Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;">One of the most common DNS load balancing techniques is called Round-Robin DNS.<h2 id="What-is-Round-Robin-DNS?" id="What-is-Round-Robin-DNS?">What is Round-Robin DNS?</h2>Round-Robin DNS is a simple method of load balancing implemented at the DNS level. It works by rotating a list of IP addresses associated with a single DNS record.When a client makes a request to that domain, the DNS server responds with one of the IP addresses from the list. The next time a request is made, the DNS server responds with the next IP address in the list, and so on. This process continues, cycling through the list of IP addresses, hence the term "round-robin."This method distributes client requests across multiple servers, helping to balance the load and potentially increase the availability and reliability of an application or service.<h2 id="What-are-other-forms-of-DNS-Load-Balancing?" id="What-are-other-forms-of-DNS-Load-Balancing?">What are other forms of DNS Load Balancing?</h2>In addition to Round Robin, there are several other common methods for DNS load balancing:<ol><li>Weighted Round Robin: In this method, each server is assigned a weight, and servers with higher weights will receive more requests. This method can take into account the performance and load capacity of the servers.</li><li>Least Connections: This method sends new requests to the server with the fewest current connections. This method is very effective when dealing with different session loads.</li><li>Response Time: This method sends requests to the server with the shortest response time, ensuring the fastest response speed.</li><li>Geolocation: This method routes requests to the nearest server based on the client's geographic location to reduce latency.</li><li>Failover: In this method, all requests are first sent to the primary server. If the primary server fails, requests will be sent to a backup server.</li></ol><h2 id="DNS-Load-Balancing-vs.-Hardware-Load-Balancing" id="DNS-Load-Balancing-vs.-Hardware-Load-Balancing">DNS Load Balancing vs. Hardware Load Balancing</h2>Hardware load balancing is a technique that uses dedicated hardware devices to distribute network traffic. These devices are often referred to as load balancers. They can distributes traffic across multiple servers depending on the servers’ process power, the connections, usage of resources or randomly.Compared with DNS load balancing and DNS load balancing, hardware load balancers can handle a large amount of network traffic and perform complex traffic distribution algorithms, considering factors like server health, response times, and content-based routing, leading to more efficient traffic distribution. However, they can be expensive and may not be as flexible as dns load balance.In summary, DNS load balancing is a simpler, more cost-effective solution that may be suitable for smaller applications or services. Hardware load balancing, on the other hand, is a more robust and feature-rich solution that can handle larger amounts of traffic, but it comes at a higher cost. The choice between the two will depend on the specific needs and resources of the business or service.<h2 id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Load-Balancing&nbsp;" id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Load-Balancing&nbsp;" style="margin-left:auto;">Advantages of Tencent EdgeOne DNS Load Balancing&nbsp;</h2><div class="raw-html-embed"><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54763" target="_blank">Tencent EdgeOne DNS Load Balancing</a> offers several benefits:</div>&nbsp;<ol><li>Automatic DNS Record Import: Once a domain name is added, the system can automatically import <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/dns-records">DNS records</a>.</li><li>Global Load Balancing: EdgeOne can cache static content on edge nodes and use global load balancing technology. This ensures that end-users can access resources from nearby edge nodes, improving speeds and reducing latency.</li><li>Smart Scheduling: The EdgeOne platform employs smart scheduling to effectively avoid risks while increasing speed.</li><li>Infrastructure as Code: EdgeOne supports Terraform API, allowing for infrastructure management as code.</li><li>Content Caching: Content caching at the edge is another major feature. This works in tandem with load balancing to ensure that no single node is overwhelmed by user demands.</li><li>Integration with Tencent Cloud Bot Program: EdgeOne integrates the Tencent Cloud bot program management feature and has a bot behavior library covering many crawler types such as ads, screen capturing tools, search engines.</li></ol>These features collectively optimize content delivery and enable accelerated computing capabilities at the edge of the network. Please note that the actual advantages can vary based on the specific use case and requirements. It's always a good idea to further explore and understand the platform for your specific needs. You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.&nbsp;

What is DNS Load Balancing and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is DNS Load Balancing?

What are the Differences between HTTP/2, HTTP/3, and HTTPS?

Tencent EdgeOne: Supporting HTTPS and Key Advantages

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) is a network transmission protocol used for secure and encrypted data transmission between clients and servers. It is the secure version of the HTTP protocol, which uses SSL/TLS protocol on the basis of HTTP to encrypt and authenticate data, ensuring the privacy and integrity of the data during transmission.<h2 id="How-does-HTTPS-Work?" id="How-does-HTTPS-Work?" id="How-does-HTTPS-Work?">How does HTTPS Work?</h2><h3>HTTPS Communication Process</h3>The communication process of HTTPS is as follows:<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/83776622-d85f-4a26-9701-d927145c4d29.png" alt="how-https-work.png"><ol><li>Client initiates an HTTPS request.</li><li>Server returns a pre-configured public key certificate to the client.</li><li>Client verifies the public key certificate, including checking the certificate's validity period, whether its purpose matches the requested site, whether it is in the CRL revocation list, and whether the higher-level certificate is valid. This is a recursive process, continuing until the root certificate is verified (either the operating system's built-in root certificate or the client's built-in root certificate). If the verification passes, the process continues; otherwise, a warning message is displayed.</li><li>Client uses a pseudorandom number generator to generate the symmetric key used for encryption, then encrypts this symmetric key with the certificate's public key and sends it to the server.</li><li>Server uses its private key to decrypt the message, obtaining the symmetric key. In this way, both the client and the server hold the same symmetric key.</li><li>Server uses the symmetric key to encrypt the "plaintext content A" and sends it to the client.</li><li>Client uses the symmetric key to decrypt the encrypted response, obtaining the "plaintext content A".</li><li>Client initiates another HTTPS request, encrypts the request's "plaintext content B" using the symmetric key, and then the server decrypts the ciphertext using the symmetric key, obtaining the "plaintext content B".</li></ol><h3>Connections between SSL, TLS, and HTTPS</h3><ol><li>SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is an encryption protocol used to implement secure communication in networks. The purpose of the SSL protocol is to provide an encryption and authentication layer between the application layer (e.g., HTTP) and the transport layer (e.g., TCP).</li><li>TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the successor version of the SSL protocol, offering higher security and performance. In fact, TLS 1.0 is essentially SSL 3.1, and their differences mainly lie in improvements to encryption algorithms and protocol details.</li><li>The relationship between HTTPS and TLS/SSL is that HTTPS achieves secure communication by using SSL or TLS protocols to encrypt and authenticate the HTTP protocol. When communicating between clients and servers, HTTPS uses SSL or TLS protocols to encrypt data, ensuring the security of the transmission process. Nowadays, due to TLS being an updated and more secure version of SSL, the TLS protocol is more commonly used in practice.</li></ol><h2 id="HTTP-vs-HTTPS" id="HTTP-vs-HTTPS" id="HTTP-vs-HTTPS">HTTP vs HTTPS</h2>The main difference between HTTP and HTTPS lies in the security of data transmission:<ol><li>Security: HTTP is not secure, while HTTPS is secure. Data transmitted by HTTP is not encrypted, so it can be intercepted and obtained by anyone who intercepts network transmission. HTTPS encrypts data through the SSL/TLS protocol, protects the integrity and privacy of the data, making it not easy to be stolen and tampered with during transmission.</li><li>Port: HTTP uses port 80 by default, while HTTPS uses port 443 by default.</li><li>URL: In the address bar of most browsers, HTTPS websites will display a small lock icon, indicating that the connection is secure. HTTP websites do not have this.</li><li>Certificate: HTTPS needs to use certificates issued by a certification authority (CA). If the certificate is not trusted by the browser, users will see a warning, telling them that the connection may not be secure.</li><li>Performance: Because HTTPS needs to encrypt data, it may be slightly slower than HTTP in processing speed. However, with the advancement of technology, this gap is becoming smaller and smaller.</li><li>SEO Optimization: Search engines like Google favor HTTPS websites in rankings because they are more secure</li></ol><h2 id="What-are-the-Differences-between-HTTP/2,-HTTP/3,-and-HTTPS?" id="What-are-the-Differences-between-HTTP/2,-HTTP/3,-and-HTTPS?" id="What-are-the-Differences-between-HTTP/2,-HTTP/3,-and-HTTPS?">What are the Differences between HTTP/2, HTTP/3, and HTTPS?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/http2">HTTP/2</a> and <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">HTTP/</a>3 are different versions of the HTTP protocol, while HTTPS is a secure communication protocol for encrypting data.<ol><li>HTTP/2: Introduces features like multiplexing and header compression to enhance performance and efficiency by reusing connections and handling parallel requests.</li><li>HTTP/3: Based on the UDP protocol, it uses the QUIC protocol to transmit data, aiming to facilitate faster connection establishment and improve performance during network interruptions. HTTP/3 operates on QUIC at the transport layer instead of TCP, enabling faster connection establishment and improved performance.</li><li>HTTPS: It is the secure version of the HTTP protocol, ensuring secure data transmission between clients and servers by encrypting and authenticating data using the TLS/SSL protocol. In summary, HTTPS is the secure version of the HTTP protocol, while HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 are different versions of the HTTP protocol, both of which can operate under HTTPS.</li></ol><h2 id="Is-HTTPS-100%-Secure?" id="Is-HTTPS-100%-Secure?" id="Is-HTTPS-100%-Secure?">Is HTTPS 100% Secure?</h2>Although HTTPS is more secure than HTTP, it cannot guarantee 100% security. HTTPS indeed improves the security of data transmission, preventing data from being intercepted or tampered with by third parties, but there are still some potential security risks and limitations:<ol><li>Certificate issues: If the server's SSL/TLS certificate is not issued by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA), or if the certificate has expired or been tampered with, the HTTPS connection may be vulnerable to attacks.</li><li>Man-in-the-middle attacks: Although HTTPS can prevent most man-in-the-middle attacks, in certain situations, such as when an attacker controls the communication link between the user and the server or forges a valid certificate, the attacker may still be able to intercept and tamper with data.</li><li>Server and client security vulnerabilities: HTTPS mainly protects the security of data during transmission but cannot prevent security vulnerabilities in the server or client itself, such as <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/web-attack">SQL injection</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/web-attack">cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks</a>, etc.</li><li>Encryption algorithm and protocol vulnerabilities: Although the TLS protocol is constantly being updated to fix known vulnerabilities and improve security, new vulnerabilities and security issues may continue to emerge. Therefore, it is essential to use the latest encryption algorithms and protocols.</li><li>User behavior: Users may mistakenly trust the wrong websites, such as phishing sites, even if they use HTTPS. Users need to be cautious in verifying the authenticity of websites to avoid leaking personal information.</li></ol><h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne:-Supporting-HTTPS-and-Key-Advantages" id="Tencent-EdgeOne:-Supporting-HTTPS-and-Key-Advantages" id="Tencent-EdgeOne:-Supporting-HTTPS-and-Key-Advantages">Tencent EdgeOne: Supporting HTTPS and Key Advantages</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/edgeone">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne</a> provides excellent support for HTTPS and offers several advantages when you use this secure protocol:<ol><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54154#f64cd173-6c19-466d-be4e-135536ff29c1">Supported Certificate Types and Encryption Algorithms</a>: EdgeOne supports various types of certificates and encryption algorithms. International standard certificates utilize RSA and ECC encryption algorithms, while Chinese SM standard certificates employ the SM2 encryption algorithm.</li><li>Free and Paid Certificates: EdgeOne provides both free and paid certificate options. If you're a SME site owner or run a personal blog, you might consider configuring a <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54761">free certificate</a> for your domain. This way, you can support HTTPS access without any notable initial costs.</li><li>HTTP to HTTPS Conversion: If you wish to convert your site from <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54203">HTTP to HTTPS</a>, EdgeOne allows you to deploy a free certificate to your EdgeOne domain, although this only applies to single-domain certificates. For more sophisticated certificate services, you can purchase <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/30153">Tencent Cloud SSL Certificates</a>.</li></ol>In summary, implementing HTTPS not only enhances your website's SEO efficiency, but more importantly, it provides a secure platform for your visitors, thereby cultivating trust with your target audience.

What is HTTPS and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is HTTPS?

Serverless represents a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud-native_computing">cloud-native</a> development paradigm that empowers developers to create and operate applications without the burden of server management.Despite the term "serverless", servers are indeed involved, but they are encapsulated in the application development process. Developers can concentrate on crafting business logic without the need to provision, configure, or maintain server infrastructure. The necessary server services are supplied by the cloud vendor, enabling developers to stay focused on their core competencies.Serverless offerings are designed to be consumption-based, using an event-driven execution model that scales seamlessly in response to demand. Consequently, when serverless functions are not in use, they do not generate any costs, providing a cost-effective solution for variable workloads.<h2 id="How-does-Serverless-Work?" id="How-does-Serverless-Work?">How does Serverless Work?</h2>Serverless products are usually divided into two categories: Functions as a Service (FaaS) and Backend as a Service (BaaS):<ol><li><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/what-is-faas">FaaS</a> is an event-driven computing execution model in which developers write logic, deploy it in containers that are fully managed by the platform, and then execute it on demand.</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backend_as_a_service">BaaS</a> is responsible for managing the underlying infrastructure and middleware environment, and provides a series of back-end services and API interfaces for direct access and use by client programs, such as authentication, data storage, and message push.</li></ol>When developers refer to serverless, they are actually talking about the FaaS model. Under FaaS, developers still write custom server-side logic, but it runs in a container that is fully managed by the cloud service provider.The core of how serverless works is to transform the traditional one-time construction model into an ongoing subscription service model. By dividing the application into multiple independent and composable Serverless functions, dynamic application and management of resources are achieved, and the front-end and back-end are connected using an event-driven approach: specifically, when a Serverless function is triggered (Such as API request), the cloud service platform will automatically allocate the required computing resources and network resources for execution; when this function is executed, the platform will reclaim the relevant resources for other function calls; if the function needs to be executed within a period of time If it continues to run, the management platform will also allocate resources to it regularly according to predetermined strategies.<h2 id="Serverless-Technical-Features" id="Serverless-Technical-Features">Serverless Technical Features</h2><h3>1. Serverless Advantages</h3><ol><li>Reduced costs: Since serverless architecture is fully managed by cloud service providers, you don't need to purchase and maintain server hardware or operating systems. Moreover, you only pay for the actual computing resources used, rather than pre-allocated resources, which can significantly reduce your costs.</li><li>Automatic scaling: Serverless architecture can automatically scale your application's processing capacity to meet the growing user load demands. This means you don't have to worry about application performance bottlenecks and manually adjusting server resources.</li><li>High scalability: Serverless applications are highly scalable because they rely on multiple independent, parallel-running functions. Each function can be scaled independently to support higher loads and throughput.</li><li>Serverless security: Cloud service providers are responsible for maintaining and updating security measures for serverless applications, such as firewalls, encryption, and access control. This allows you to focus more on writing code without worrying about application security.</li><li>Fast development and deployment: Serverless architecture supports rapid development and deployment. You can easily build and deploy applications using various pre-built templates and APIs. Additionally, serverless applications can be automatically deployed and updated, meaning you can quickly iterate and release new features without manual intervention.</li></ol><h3>2. Serverless Disadvantages</h3>Although serverless architecture has many advantages, it also has some drawbacks. One major drawback is that, since the application is fully managed by the cloud service provider, you may be subject to the provider's limitations and constraints. Additionally, the performance of serverless applications may be subject to some restrictions, such as cold start issues and request limits. Therefore, when considering using serverless architecture, you need to carefully consider the application's requirements and performance needs.<h2 id="Serverless-Applicable-Scenarios" id="Serverless-Applicable-Scenarios">Serverless Applicable Scenarios</h2><ol><li>Web applications: Serverless architecture can support various static and dynamic web applications. For example, various request actions of <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/api/what-is-a-rest-api">RESTful&nbsp;API</a> can be mapped to FaaS functions. Through the automatic elastic expansion function of FaaS, serverless web applications can quickly host high-traffic sites.</li><li>Multimedia processing: Video and picture websites need to process and convert the pictures and video information uploaded by users. However, this multimedia conversion work is not performed all the time. It only needs to be performed when certain events occur, such as when users upload or edit pictures and videos. Through the event-driven mechanism of Serverless, users can trigger processing logic when specific events occur, thereby saving the cost of computing resources during idle periods and ultimately reducing operation and maintenance costs.</li><li>Internet of Things:&nbsp; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things">Internet&nbsp;of&nbsp;Things&nbsp;(IoT)</a> applications need to interface with a large number of different devices. Different devices need to continuously collect and transmit data to the server. Serverless architecture can help Internet of Things applications interface with different data inputs. source.</li><li>Data and event stream processing: Serverless can be used to analyze and process some continuous event streams and data streams in real-time, filter, transform, and analyze events and data in real-time, thereby triggering the next step of processing. For example, real-time analysis of logs or social media information from various systems is performed, and key information that meets specific characteristics is recorded and alerted.</li><li>System integration: The functional architecture of Serverless applications is very suitable for system integration. Users do not need to develop and operate a complete application for some simple integration logic as in the past. Users can focus more on the required integration logic and only write and integrate relevant code logic instead of a complete application. The decentralized architecture of function applications makes the addition and change of integrated logic more flexible.</li></ol><h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Functions" id="Tencent-EdgeOne-Edge-Functions" style="margin-left:0pt;">Tencent EdgeOne Edge Functions</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/function">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne Edge&nbsp;Functions</a> offers a serverless code execution platform for the edge nodes of Tencent EdgeOne, enabling you to deploy your applications via Tencent EdgeOne's global network. By embracing serverless architecture, you can concentrate more on development and enhancing the user experience.&nbsp;<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/33631240-d73a-4465-afa4-ce299be1cc11.png" alt="e8a224f5b37311eeae9a525400c26da5.png">Here are the benefits of utilizing Tencent Edge Functions:<ol><li>Ultra-low Latency: By executing your code on Tencent EdgeOne edge nodes strategically located worldwide, requests are intelligently routed to the closest edge node. This proximity triggers an edge function to swiftly process the request and deliver the results back to the user, ensuring a seamless and responsive experience.</li><li>Elastic expansion: In the event of a sudden surge in client requests on a particular node, the requests are intelligently redispatched to other Tencent EdgeOne global edge nodes with ample computing resources, prioritizing proximity to ensure optimal performance.</li><li>Reduced Costs: Distributing code to the edge minimizes the need for back-to-origin requests, thereby conserving origin egress traffic and reducing expenses associated with origin server usage.</li><li>Rapid Deployment: Deploying code to global edge nodes is executed in mere seconds, allowing for agile and efficient alignment with business requirements.</li><li>Superior Performance: Achieving a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_start_(computing)">cold&nbsp;start</a> speed of up to 0.5ms, high-precision, and low-loss CPU isolation ensures 50us-level CPU timing accuracy and time-slice scheduling with minimal performance degradation of less than 0.1%.</li><li>Streamlined Development: Utilizing JavaScript and the standard <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/52683">Web&nbsp;Service&nbsp;Worker&nbsp;API</a>, Tencent EdgeOne offers a wealth of scenario templates to expedite business development. Additionally, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface">CLI&nbsp;(Command&nbsp;Line&nbsp;Interface)</a> and local developer tools facilitate efficient function engineering management.</li></ol>For more detailed information, please visit <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">our&nbsp;official&nbsp;website</a> and explore at your leisure. We are always <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">here</a> to address any of your needs or inquiries.

What is Serverless and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Serverless?

Network Performance Management vs Network Performance Monitoring

Monitor Network Performance Using a Browser

Common Website Network Optimization Solutions

Tencent EdgeOne's Site Acceleration and Network Optimization

Common network optimization issues for websites include slow page loading speed, long server response times, high bandwidth consumption due to large images or multimedia files, lack of caching strategies, poor front-end coding practices, and absence of responsive design.<h2 id="Why-is-Network-Optimization-Important?" id="Why-is-Network-Optimization-Important?" id="Why-is-Network-Optimization-Important?">Why is Network Optimization Important?</h2>Site Network Optimization refers to improving the overall efficiency of a website by enhancing its performance, speed, security, and user experience. This includes optimizing the site's loading speed, improving response times, reducing page sizes, and enhancing server response times. The significance of site Network Optimization lies in increasing user satisfaction, boosting website traffic and conversion rates, improving search engine rankings, reducing bounce rates, and ultimately enhancing the competitiveness of the website.Network Optimization primarily involves connectivity, speed, user experience, productivity, and cost-effectiveness. Optimized networks ensure smooth and reliable connections, guaranteeing data transmission at the highest possible speeds to reduce latency and enhance operational efficiency. Optimization techniques ensure that users can access and utilize network resources while minimizing latency, reducing packet loss, and effectively managing network traffic, thereby reducing interruptions or slowdowns, increasing user satisfaction, fostering loyalty, and promoting positive engagement with network-dependent services.<h2 id="Performance-Metrics-for-Website-Network" id="Performance-Metrics-for-Website-Network" id="Performance-Metrics-for-Website-Network">Performance Metrics for Website Network</h2><ol><li>Latency: Measures the time it takes for data to travel from sender to receiver. Lower latency usually indicates faster network responsiveness.</li><li>Bandwidth: Measures the network's capacity to transmit data, typically expressed in data volume per second (bits per second).</li><li>Packet Loss: Measures the percentage of data packets lost during transmission, often used to assess the stability of a network connection.</li><li>Throughput: Represents the amount of data transmitted through the network in a unit of time, often used to evaluate the actual transmission capacity of the network.</li><li>Connection Time: Measures the time required to establish a connection, typically referring to the time it takes to establish a connection with a server for a website.</li><li>Availability: Measures the proportion of time that a network or service is available for use, often expressed as a percentage.</li></ol>These metrics help assess Network Performance and can be used to identify issues, optimize network configurations, and improve user experience.<h2 id="What-is-Network-Performance-Management?" id="What-is-Network-Performance-Management?" id="What-is-Network-Performance-Management?">What is Network Performance Management?</h2>Network Performance Management involves monitoring and optimizing the performance of a computer network. It includes activities like measuring network bandwidth, analyzing traffic patterns, identifying and resolving congestion points, ensuring the quality of service, and maintaining overall network health. This is typically achieved through the use of specialized software and hardware tools to monitor, analyze, and optimize Network Performance. Contains the following methods:&nbsp;<ol><li>Collect Good Data: Network monitoring tools simplify this process by examining data related to packet loss, network traffic analysis, network node failures, SNMP performance, or bandwidth usage. The relevant information is then conveyed to your team for evaluation, or analysis through machine learning, artificial intelligence, or AIOps.</li><li>Analyzing Performance Metrics: Amidst the various components involved in keeping the network running, network monitoring can yield numerous performance metrics, providing insights into the health of your IT stack. Identifying metrics from multi-layered networks that can offer the most comprehensive view can enhance awareness of performance areas that are more prone to issues. Leveraging this data, your IT team can devise a set of network management policies to mitigate issues and enhance productivity and user experience.</li><li>Automated Data Collection: At times, it takes a while to recognize patterns of performance issues. Effective network monitoring tools record all performance issues, including associated information about when they occurred. Being able to refer back to past logs of concern enables your team to assess areas that require deeper investigation or closer monitoring.</li><li>Identifying Security Issues: Poor network performance is often a result of security threats such as malware, which can quickly become a disaster for your network and the entire business. The time, cost, and reputation damage involved in security vulnerabilities can be excruciating. Implementing a network monitoring system capable of detecting malware, insecure network devices, and other network vulnerabilities enables your team to devise protocols to prevent and manage weaknesses before end users or confidential data are affected."Network performance management vs network performance monitoring</li></ol><h2 id="Network-Performance-Management-vs-Network-Performance-Monitoring" id="Network-Performance-Management-vs-Network-Performance-Monitoring" id="Network-Performance-Management-vs-Network-Performance-Monitoring">Network Performance Management vs Network Performance Monitoring</h2>Network Performance Monitoring is part of Network Performance Management, involving the process of collecting, measuring, and diagnosing metrics for each component of a network. Monitoring requires observation and review. Management occurs after evaluating the collected information; it consists of a set of policies, procedures, workflows, and responsibilities used to improve or maintain optimal performance. Network Performance Monitoring involves observation and collection, while Network Performance Management involves making decisions based on the findings obtained from the review. Effective network performance management always involves Network Performance Monitoring. Identifying the root cause of issues is crucial for mitigating their impact and preventing future events. These two concepts work in concert, but each employs its techniques, yielding unique results.<h2 id="Monitor-Network-Performance-Using-a-Browser" id="Monitor-Network-Performance-Using-a-Browser" id="Monitor-Network-Performance-Using-a-Browser">Monitor Network Performance Using a Browser</h2>To monitor Network Performance using a web browser, you can utilize the browser's built-in developer tools. In most browsers, press F12 or right-click on the page and select "Inspect." Then navigate to the "Network" tab, where you can view the loading times, sizes, and response times of various resources (such as CSS, JavaScript, images, etc.) required to load the page. Additionally, you can analyze the header information of HTTP requests and responses and check caching status. Chrome also provides a "Performance" tab for recording performance data during page loading and for conducting more in-depth performance analysis. Other browsers like Firefox and Edge also have similar developer tools.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/6db91efc-c75c-43ba-9b91-dd93b37c4232.png" alt="企业微信截图_fdf16cf0-c73f-4a28-a5d1-6e7509ff08ed.png"><h2 id="Common-Website-Network-Optimization-Solutions" id="Common-Website-Network-Optimization-Solutions" id="Common-Website-Network-Optimization-Solutions">Common Website Network Optimization Solutions</h2><h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/http2">HTTP/2</a></h3>HTTP/2 achieves Network Optimization through:<ol><li>Multiplexing: Allowing multiple requests to be sent in parallel over a single TCP connection, avoiding the head-of-line blocking issue present in HTTP/1.x.</li><li>&nbsp;Header compression: Reducing the amount of data transmitted by compressing header information, thus improving transmission efficiency.</li><li>Server push: Allowing servers to proactively send resources to clients before they are requested, reducing client request latency.</li><li>&nbsp;Prioritization: Allowing clients to specify the priority of requests, ensuring that important resources are loaded first.</li><li>&nbsp;Parallel handling of data streams: Allowing multiple data streams to be processed in parallel on a single TCP connection, improving data transmission efficiency.</li></ol><h3>HTTP/3</h3>HTTP/3 achieves Network Optimization through the following methods:<ol><li>Using the QUIC transport protocol: The QUIC protocol reduces connection establishment latency and improves data transmission efficiency.</li><li>Based on UDP instead of TCP: The use of the UDP protocol reduces the number of handshakes during transmission, lowering connection establishment latency.</li><li>Improved traffic control and congestion control: HTTP/3 employs more effective traffic control and congestion control mechanisms to optimize Network Performance.</li></ol><h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/websocket">WebSocket</a></h3><ol><li>Reduced overhead: WebSockets use a single, persistent connection, reducing the overhead of repeatedly establishing new connections.</li><li>Real-time communication: By enabling two-way communication between the client and server, WebSockets allow for real-time data transfer and updates, eliminating the need for constant polling.</li><li>Efficient data exchange: WebSockets facilitate efficient data exchange, enabling the transfer of smaller packets and reducing overall latency, thereby optimizing Network Performance.</li></ol><h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/cdn">CDN</a></h3>Content Delivery Network (CDN) acceleration is a method of improving the performance and speed of content delivery to users by utilizing a network of distributed servers. These servers, known as edge servers, are strategically located in various geographical locations to reduce the physical distance between the user and the content, thereby minimizing latency and improving load times. CDN acceleration also helps to offload traffic from the origin server, reduce bandwidth costs, and enhance the overall user experience by delivering content more efficiently. It is particularly useful for delivering web pages, video streams, large downloads, and other content that benefits from being delivered closer to the end-user.<h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/brotli-vs-gzip-compression">Gzip</a></h3>Gzip compression is a compression algorithm used to reduce the size of files, commonly employed within the HTTP protocol to significantly decrease the amount of data transmitted, thereby speeding up page load times.<h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/dns">DNS</a></h3>DNS is a domain name resolution system that translates domain names (such as example.com) into IP addresses. It is an integral part of the page-loading process. Website owners should opt for DNS services that can provide resolution results quickly and reliably, rather than relying on the web host's DNS.In addition to the above-mentioned Network Optimization methods, there are many other site optimization techniques, such as browser HTTP caching, image compression, website preloading, JavaScript optimization, CSS optimization, and other solutions, all of which can help us improve website performance at various stages.<h2 id="Tencent-EdgeOne's-Site-Acceleration-and-Network-Optimization" id="Tencent-EdgeOne's-Site-Acceleration-and-Network-Optimization" id="Tencent-EdgeOne's-Site-Acceleration-and-Network-Optimization">Tencent EdgeOne's Site Acceleration and Network Optimization</h2>Tencent <a href="https://edgeone.ai/">EdgeOne</a> offers a host of features that cater to Network Optimization for an improved user experience. Here's a detailed look at its offerings:<ol><li>Dynamic Network Path Adjustment: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46182">Smart acceleration</a> adjusts and optimizes network paths in real time. EdgeOne continuously detects node network latency, selects the best access path via intelligent algorithms, and dynamically alters resource allocation and utilization according to real-time network conditions. This enhances user experience and maintains the continuity of the business operations.</li><li>&nbsp;L4 Proxy Service: When you need selective features like <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54506">L4 proxy</a> TCP/UDP security acceleration, EdgeOne provides domainless access. This allows you to activate related services quickly without connecting to a site domain name.</li><li>Protocol Support: EdgeOne embraces advanced technologies like <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46171">HTTP/2</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/55930">HTTP/3</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46971">WebSocket</a>, and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/49503">IPv6</a> to enhance Network Performance and improve user experience significantly.</li></ol>In summary, EdgeOne is focused on Network Optimization via intelligent acceleration technologies ensuring high-quality performance, flexibility in security acceleration services, and improved user satisfaction - all of which contribute to the competitiveness of your website, application, or other online services.

How to Improve Network Performance? - Tencent EdgeOne

How to Improve Network Performance?

How DDoS Attacks are Typically Carried Out?

What is a DDoS Attack and How to Prevent? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a DDoS Attack?

The Access Process/Acceleration Principle of CDN

EdgeOne CDN Service: Not just Acceleration

<h2 id="Definition-of-CDN" id="Definition-of-CDN" id="Definition-of-CDN" id="Definition-of-CDN">Definition of CDN</h2>CDN (Content Delivery Network) meaning a network composed of geographically distributed proxy servers and data centers. The goal is to provide high availability and performance by spatially distributing the service near end-users. CDNs emerged in the late 1990s to address the performance bottlenecks of the Internet as it was becoming a mission-critical medium for individuals and businesses. Since then, CDNs have evolved to serve a large portion of today's Internet content, including web objects (text, graphics, and scripts), downloadable objects (media files, software, documents), applications (e-commerce, portals), live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social media websites.<h2 id="The-Access-Process/Acceleration-Principle-of-CDN" id="The-Access-Process/Acceleration-Principle-of-CDN" id="The-Access-Process/Acceleration-Principle-of-CDN" id="The-Access-Process/Acceleration-Principle-of-CDN">The Access Process/Acceleration Principle of CDN</h2>CDN acceleration technology generates multiple mirror images of the original website during the traditional website access process, and stores them on cache servers in different regions and on different lines. When a user accesses a website, the scheduling system routes or guides the user's request to the cache server that is closest to the user's access network or has the best access effect, and this cache server provides the content service for the user. Compared to direct access to the source station, this method shortens the network distance between users and content, thereby achieving an acceleration effect. CDN is a composite technology comprising several key components: origin server, cache servers, and intelligent DNS.<ol><li>Origin servers: The origin server refers to the original site where content is published. All file additions, deletions, and modifications to the website occur on the origin server. Additionally, the objects fetched by the cache servers all come from the origin server.</li><li>Cache Servers: Cache servers directly provide resources to user access and consist of one or several servers. When a user initiates a request, their access request is directed by intelligent DNS to the nearest cache server. If the requested content is already in the cache, it is directly returned to the user. If the required content is not cached, the cache server fetches the content from nearby cache servers or directly from the origin server before returning it to the user.</li><li>Intelligent DNS: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/58235">Intelligent&nbsp;DNS</a> is the core of the entire CDN technology. It primarily directs user access requests to the nearest cache server based on the user's location. Through intelligent DNS resolution, users access servers within the same service provider, mitigating the issue of slow interconnection between networks in different regions, thereby achieving acceleration. The emergence of intelligent DNS has overturned the traditional approach of one domain corresponding to one mirror, making it more convenient for users to access websites.</li></ol><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/92cb516a-e037-4084-9259-31e1a7fe3938.png" alt="企业微信截图_db3066f4-a1d2-4cec-a79c-3b0845ac1d16.png"><h2 id="Benefits-of-CDN" id="Benefits-of-CDN" id="Benefits-of-CDN" id="Benefits-of-CDN">Benefits of CDN</h2>CDNs carry a large portion of the world's internet traffic. They help solve the toughest challenges of delivering content over the internet. From small and medium content providers to the world's large corporations, businesses everywhere take advantage of key CDN benefits to provide a seamless web experience to their customers. Some of its major advantages include:<ol><li>Improving website load times: By distributing content to CDN servers near visitors (and other optimization measures), visitors experience faster page loading times. Since visitors are more likely to leave slow-loading websites, CDNs can reduce bounce rates and increase the time people spend on the site. In other words, the faster the website speed, the longer users stay.</li><li>Improve origin server load: By distributing traffic across multiple server nodes, CDN can reduce the load on the origin server and avoid single points of failure.</li><li>Always get the latest version: For example, by using Font Awesome CDN, you will always have access to the latest version of Font Awesome without the need for manual updates.</li><li>Increased availability and reliability: The distributed architecture of CDN can automatically switch traffic to other available nodes when a node fails, ensuring continuous content availability.</li><li>Enhanced security: CDN offers various security features, such as DDoS attack protection, SSL encryption, and Web Application Firewall, to improve the security of websites or applications.</li><li>Reduced bandwidth costs: The bandwidth consumption cost of website hosting is a major expense for websites. Through caching and other optimizations, CDNs can reduce the amount of data that the origin server must provide, thereby lowering the hosting costs for website owners.</li><li>Offload traffic: With the explosive growth of online streaming and other rich media services, and higher user expectations about web performance across multiple device types, many of today's network service providers are finding their content distribution networks to be highly stressed. By responding to a request for web content with a cached version from servers closer to the end user, a CDN can offload traffic from content servers and improve the web experience.</li></ol><h2 id="EdgeOne-CDN-Service:-Not-just-Acceleration" id="EdgeOne-CDN-Service:-Not-just-Acceleration" id="EdgeOne-CDN-Service:-Not-just-Acceleration" id="EdgeOne-CDN-Service:-Not-just-Acceleration">EdgeOne CDN Service: Not just Acceleration</h2>Compared to CDN, <a href="https://www.tencentcloud.com/products/teo?lang=en&amp;pg=">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne</a> not only offers a broader range of features but also serves as a comprehensive one-stop platform that addresses both acceleration and security requirements. Its risk-avoidance capabilities allow billing based on clean traffic after cleansing, eliminating concerns about unexpected high bills. At the same time, operational efficiency is further improved, such as free certificate automatic updates, site-level batch management, and saving a lot of tedious steps. It also supports personalized capability customization: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46151">Rule&nbsp;Engines</a> and <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/53372">Edge&nbsp;Functions</a> can flexibly adapt to different business scenarios. The billing model is more reasonable, offering subscription packages and excess pay-as-you-go.<ol><li>Cost savings: A one-stop solution is more cost-effective than purchasing individual products separately. Billing based on clean traffic after protection avoids unexpected high bills, making budget management easier.</li><li>Increased efficiency and speed: The integration of acceleration and security analysis helps users quickly locate problems; configuration and operation management are more efficient within a single console.</li><li>Inclusive security: Enjoy advanced Web protection and platform-level <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">DDoS&nbsp;protection</a> at a low cost, combined with advanced semantic analysis engines and intelligent BOT analysis, accurately identifying malicious requests and reducing false positives.</li><li>Flexible configuration: Edge functions, rule engines, and other product capabilities enable more personalized and customized business solutions, allowing flexible adaptation to different business scenarios.</li><li>Audio/Video Acceleration: Based on Tencent's many years of online video operations experience and optimized for online audio/video playback business scenarios. EdgeOne can support a high number of concurrent requests during peak hours while effectively ensuring high availability of the service and satisfactory media transfer speed, helping you deliver a stable, smooth, and rich-featured watch experience.</li></ol>

What is a CDN and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a CDN?

Static files will be cached as a priority

<h2 id="What-is-Node-Cache?" id="What-is-Node-Cache?" id="What-is-Node-Cache?" style="margin-left:0px;">What is Node Cache?</h2>Caching is at the heart of Content Delivery Network(CDN) services. Similar to how browser caching stores files on a hard drive, where they can be more rapidly accessed, a CDN moves your website content to powerful proxy servers optimized for accelerated content distribution.Caching works by selectively storing website files on a CDN cache proxy servers, where they can be quickly accessed by website visitors browsing from a nearby location.<h2 id="What-benefits-does-CDN-caching-offer?" id="What-benefits-does-CDN-caching-offer?" id="What-benefits-does-CDN-caching-offer?" style="margin-left:0px;">What benefits does CDN caching offer?</h2><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">1. Cut down on bandwidth costs</h3>Delivering content from CDN cache proxies removes the burden from the origin (backend) server, significantly reducing bandwidth costs associated with serving content to numerous visitors. For most sites, bandwidth costs can be reduced by as much as 40% to 80%, depending on the percentage of cacheable content.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">2. Improve user experience</h3>A globally distributed network of cache proxy servers, CDNs bring your website’s content closer to all visitors, no matter where they are. Having this content delivered from a local server significantly improves access speed and user experience.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">3. Ensure reliable content delivery</h3>Modern CDNs have traffic capacity far exceeding most normal enterprise network capabilities. Where a self-hosted website may be easily disrupted by unexpected traffic peaks or denial of service attacks, CDN cache servers are highly resilient and secure. As a result, they are stable during peak traffic instances.<h2 id="Static-files-will-be-cached-as-a-priority" id="Static-files-will-be-cached-as-a-priority" id="Static-files-will-be-cached-as-a-priority" style="margin-left:0px;">Static files will be cached as a priority</h2>A majority of all website content consists of static pre-formatted files that are not expected to change over time (or for different users). These files are the default candidates for caching, as opposed to dynamic files, which are generated on-the-fly based on information from a database. For example: Static e-store template with dynamically-generated product information. Typical static files are:<ol><li>Template Images</li><li>Videos</li><li>Music</li><li>JavaScript</li><li>CSS Files</li></ol><h2 id="How-do-cache-servers-work?" id="How-do-cache-servers-work?" id="How-do-cache-servers-work?" style="margin-left:0px;">How do cache servers work?</h2>Proxy cache servers are the building blocks of a CDN network data centers, which are strategically situated around the globe. These points of presence (PoP) are selected based on traffic patterns of individual regions.Highly active locations with numerous users may have several data centers. On the other hand, remote locations with few users may have only one PoP to cover a large geographic region.Once in place, cache servers act as a repository for website content, providing local users with accelerated access to cached files. The closer a cache server is to the end user, the shorter the connection time needed for transmission of website data.Hardware wise, a typical individual cache server is a content delivery powerhouse, with bolstered RAM and SSD storage resources. Being the faster option, RAM is used for high-priority resources, while SSD is used for your least requested, but still cacheable web files. <img class="image_resized" style="width:68.11%;" src="https://edgeone.ai/media/b369e6b0-512f-43c8-9c26-96a0775ec0b7.png" alt="缓存服务是如何工作的.png"><h2 id="Offline-Cache" id="Offline-Cache" id="Offline-Cache" style="margin-left:0px;">Offline Cache</h2>If offline caching is enabled, you can use the CDN to cache content when your source site is faulty, that is, you cannot pull resources back to the source.If the node has a cache, the cached content is returned. That is, the content in the mission has expired, and it still responds to the expired content until the source station recovers and can return to the source normally.If the node has no cache, an error message indicating that the source station is faulty is returned.<h2 id="Cache-Prerefresh" id="Cache-Prerefresh" id="Cache-Prerefresh" style="margin-left:0px;">Cache Prerefresh</h2>The Content Delivery Network (CDN) provides the basic cache configuration capability. The CDN can set the cache expiration time based on various rules, such as the specified service type, directory, and URL. In this way, the node cache resources are periodically cleared and the source station retrieves the latest resources for re-caching.In addition, the CDN provides the ability to cache refresh, specifying urls or directories in batches for refresh operations:Refresh URL: Deletes the cache of the corresponding resource on all CDN nodes.Refresh directory: In the Refresh Changed resource mode, when a user accesses a resource in the matching directory, the Last-Modified information of the resource is obtained from the source. If it is consistent with the current cache resource, the cached resource is directly returned. If it is inconsistent, the resource is fetched from the source and cached again. If Refresh All Resources is selected, when a user accesses resources in the matching directory, the system directly returns the new resources to the user and caches the new resources again.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">Cache prerefresh applies to scenarios</h3><h4 style="margin-left:0px;">New resource release</h4>After the source site overwrites a new resource to an old resource with the same name, you can submit the URL or directory of the corresponding resource to refresh the resource. After the cache is cleared, all users can directly access the latest resource.<h4 style="margin-left:0px;">Illegal resource clearing</h4>If illegal resources (such as those related to pornography, drugs, and gambling) are found on the site, node cache resources can still be accessed after the source site resources are deleted. To maintain the network environment, you can delete cache resources by refreshing the URL to ensure timely clearing.<h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" style="margin-left:0px;">Conclusion</h2>Tencent EdgeOne provides an acceleration and security solution based on Tencent edge nodes to safeguard diverse industries such as ecommerce, retail, finance service, content and news, and gaming and improve their user experience.Tencent EdgeOne's nodes are closer to users, which greatly reduce the data access latency, avoid data transfer jitters, and guarantee the stability and effectiveness during the transfer of massive amounts of data. In addition, EdgeOne has many acceleration features, including dynamic/static data acceleration, cross-border acceleration, and smart route optimization, to efficiently support latency-sensitive businesses.Learn more about <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document">acceleration services and access security services</a>, or sign up for<a href="https://edgeone.ai/register?s_url=https://edgeone.ai/"> Tencent EdgeOne</a>.

What is Node Caching and How it works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Node Caching?

In the digital age, email has become a primary method of communication, both for personal and professional purposes. However, with the rise in its usage, email has also become a popular target for cybercriminals. Therefore, ensuring email security is crucial to protect sensitive information from potential threats.<h2 id="How-does-email-work?" id="How-does-email-work?">How does email work?</h2>When you send an email to your friends or contacts, it is almost immediately delivered to the recipients within the blink of an eye. However there is a set of processes that happens in the background from when you send the email, and till the email is delivered to the recipient's Inbox. Email is an electronic communication method for transmitting and exchanging messages over computer networks. Here is a brief overview of how email works:<ol><li>Sending an Email.</li><li>Email Server Processing: Upon receiving the email, the sender's mail server performs several processes. First, the server verifies the sender's identity and permissions to ensure they have the authority to send the email. Then, the server checks the format and size of the email and applies spam filtering to prevent the transmission of junk mail. If everything is in order, the mail server stores the email in the sender's mailbox, awaiting further delivery.</li><li>Finding the Recipient's Email Server: The sender's mail server needs to locate the recipient's mail server to deliver the email to the correct destination. To accomplish this, the sender's mail server queries the recipient's domain name system (DNS) records to find the mail server associated with the recipient's email address.</li><li>Delivering the Email: The email client (web/ mobile/ desktop) connects to the Outgoing SMTP server based on the email account you used. The email client handovers the email in MIME format to the Outgoing SMTP server. The Outgoing SMTP validates the sender's details and processes the message for sending. It also verifies the attachment size and verifies whether the email complies with the outgoing email policy set for the particular account. Once the entire validation is completed, it places it in the Outgoing queue. The SMTP server looks up the DNS records of the domain and retrieves the MX records information of the recipient servers (A Records in case no MX record is found). Then the SMTP Server connects with the Recipient email server MTA and sends the email through the SMTP protocol.</li><li>Receiving the Email.</li></ol><img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/af2a2e5e-ae1d-412f-a8b1-6218e39d44d9.jpg" alt="email-security.jpg"><h2 id="What-are-the-attacks-on-email?" id="What-are-the-attacks-on-email?">What are the attacks on email?</h2>Here are some common types of email attacks:<ol><li>Phishing Emails: Phishing emails are deceptive emails that impersonate legitimate entities such as banks, social media platforms, or e-commerce websites. Attackers attempt to trick victims into clicking malicious links, providing personal information, or downloading malicious attachments to obtain sensitive information.</li><li>Ransomware Emails: Ransomware emails contain malware, such as ransomware, which encrypts the victim's files and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them. Victims are typically infected when they open an attachment or click on a link in the email.</li><li>Malicious Attachments: Malicious attachments are email attachments that contain malware such as viruses, trojans, or spyware. Once the victim opens the attachment, the malware executes on their computer, potentially leading to data breaches, system crashes, or remote control by the attacker.</li><li>Spam Emails: Spam emails are unsolicited or irrelevant bulk emails. They may contain advertisements, fraudulent information, scam links, or malware. Spam emails not only waste the recipient's time and resources but may also contain deceptive content.</li><li>Social Engineering Attacks: Social engineering attacks manipulate and deceive individuals to gain information or access. Attackers may send emails impersonating legitimate entities to trick victims into providing sensitive information, passwords, or performing malicious actions.</li><li>Botnet Attacks: Attackers can spread botnets through email, forming networks of infected computers used for sending spam emails, launching distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, or engaging in other malicious activities.</li><li>Spyware Emails: Spyware emails distribute malware through email to monitor victims' activities, steal sensitive information, or gain remote control over infected computers.</li></ol><h2 id="What-is-business-email-compromise-(BEC)?" id="What-is-business-email-compromise-(BEC)?">What is business email compromise (BEC)?</h2>Business email leakage refers to the unauthorized disclosure or exposure of the content, attachments, or contact information of business organizations or companies' emails. This leakage can occur due to internal negligence, malicious actions, cyber attacks, or other security vulnerabilities.Business email leakage can have serious implications for an organization, including but not limited to:<ol><li>Confidential information disclosure: Business emails may contain sensitive information such as business plans, customer data, financial information, contract details, etc. The leakage of such information can lead to business competition risks, legal liabilities, and reputational damage.</li><li>Intellectual property leakage: Business emails may contain information related to intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, trade secrets, etc. The leakage of such information can result in intellectual property infringement or theft.</li><li>Financial fraud: Leaked business emails can be exploited by hackers or fraudsters for financial fraud activities, such as phishing attacks using forged emails, fake invoice scams, etc.</li><li>Brand reputation damage: Business email leakage can harm an organization's brand reputation. The leaked information can be misused or made public, undermining the organization's credibility and customer trust.</li></ol><h2 id="Implementing-Email-Security" id="Implementing-Email-Security">Implementing Email Security</h2><ol><li>Use Strong Passwords and Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A strong, unique password is the first line of defense. Additionally, enabling 2FA adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of identification.</li><li>Be Wary of Suspicious Emails: Always be cautious of emails from unknown senders, unexpected attachments, or links. These could be phishing attempts or contain malware.</li><li>Encrypt Sensitive Emails: Encryption converts your email content into a format that can only be read with a decryption key. This prevents unauthorized access to your emails during transmission.</li><li>Regularly Update and Patch Your Systems: Keeping your email software and devices updated ensures you have the latest security patches, reducing vulnerabilities.</li><li>Use a Secure Email Gateway: A secure email gateway prevents the transmission of emails that break company policy or will deliver malware.</li></ol><h2 id="How-to-protect-Email-Security?" id="How-to-protect-Email-Security?">How to protect Email Security?</h2><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Fira Sans&quot;, &quot;Droid Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;">The Domain Name System (DNS<a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/">)</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:-apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Fira Sans&quot;, &quot;Droid Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;"> stores public records about a domain, including that domain's IP address. The DNS is essential for enabling users to connect to websites and send emails without memorizing long alphanumeric IP addresses.DNS records can help prevent email attacks in several ways:<ol><li>SPF (Sender Policy Framework) Records: SPF records are a type of DNS record that defines which servers are allowed to send emails on behalf of your domain. This can prevent spammers from forging your domain to send emails. The receiving server can check if the sender's IP address is listed in the SPF record, and if not, the email may be marked as spam or rejected.</li><li>DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) Records: DKIM is an email authentication method that allows the recipient to check if the email has been tampered with. The sending server signs the email with a private key, and the recipient can verify the signature with the public key in DNS. If the signature verification fails, the email may be treated as spam or rejected.</li><li>DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting &amp; Conformance) Records: DMARC is a DNS-based email authentication system that uses SPF and DKIM for verification and defines how to handle emails when verification fails. This can prevent phishing and fraudulent emails.</li></ol><h2 id="Why-customers-choose-Tencent-EdgeOne?" id="Why-customers-choose-Tencent-EdgeOne?" style="margin-left:0px;">Why customers choose Tencent EdgeOne?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;">EdgeOne</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;"> is a next-generation Edge Services provider that delivers unparalleled speed, dependable protection, and the extremely flexible programmable platform for your global services, regardless of scale.

What is Email Security and How to Protect? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Email Security?

5 DNS Services Involved in Loading a Webpage

Advantages of Tencent EdgeOne DNS Services

<h2 id="What-is-DNS?" id="What-is-DNS?" id="What-is-DNS?" id="What-is-DNS?">What is DNS?</h2>The meaning of DNS is Domain Name System, is a critical component of the internet infrastructure that translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses, which are machine-readable. This system allows users to access websites using easy-to-remember domain names instead of complex numerical IP addresses. DNS operates much like a phone book for the internet, where upon entering a domain name, such as www.example.com, the DNS system translates this into the corresponding IP address, such as 192.0.2.1. This process is crucial for facilitating communication between different devices over the internet.<h2 id="5-DNS-Services-Involved-in-Loading-a-Webpage" id="5-DNS-Services-Involved-in-Loading-a-Webpage" id="5-DNS-Services-Involved-in-Loading-a-Webpage" id="5-DNS-Services-Involved-in-Loading-a-Webpage">5 DNS Services Involved in Loading a Webpage</h2>There are several types of DNS services, each serving a unique purpose:<ol><li>DNS Resolver: This is the first stop in the DNS lookup process. It receives the query from the client and then interacts with other DNS servers to find the correct IP address.</li><li>Recursive DNS Servers: These servers take DNS queries from DNS resolvers and search for the answer. If they don't have the answer, they query other servers, including root, TLD, and authoritative DNS servers.</li><li>Root DNS Servers: These servers direct queries to the appropriate Top-Level Domain (TLD) servers.</li><li>TLD DNS Servers: These servers store information about domains based on their extensions, such as .com, .org, .net, etc.</li><li>Authoritative DNS Servers: These servers store DNS record information, including the IP address for a specific domain name.</li></ol><h2 id="How-Does-DNS-Work?" id="How-Does-DNS-Work?" id="How-Does-DNS-Work?" id="How-Does-DNS-Work?">How Does DNS Work?</h2>Imagine you're in a city where you don't know your way around, and you need to find a specific address. You'd probably use a map or a GPS system. The DNS works similarly for the internet. When you type a website address into your browser, the DNS system starts a search for the corresponding IP address.This process, known as a DNS lookup, involves several steps:<ol><li>The user enters a URL into a web browser.</li><li>The query first checks the local cache of the operating system; if the domain name is found, the process ends here, and the IP address is returned.</li><li>If the domain name is not in the local cache, the query is sent to the DNS resolver configured in the system settings, which is usually a local DNS server provided by the internet service provider (ISP).</li><li>The local DNS server checks its cache to see if it has a record of the IP address for the domain name. If it does, it returns the IP address to the DNS resolver, and the process ends.</li><li>If the local DNS server doesn't have the information cached, it acts as a recursive DNS server and sends a query to the root DNS server.</li><li>The root server responds with a pointer to the TLD (Top-Level Domain) server.</li><li>The local DNS server then sends a query to the TLD server, which responds with a pointer to the authoritative DNS server.</li><li>The local DNS server sends a query to the authoritative server, which responds with the IP address for the domain name.</li><li>The local DNS server sends the IP address back to the DNS resolver, caching the record for future queries.</li><li>The DNS resolver provides the IP address to the web browser, which then requests the web page from the web server associated with that IP address.</li><li>The web server sends the web page back to the web browser for the user to view.</li></ol><h2 id="What-are-the-Types-of-DNS-Queries?" id="What-are-the-Types-of-DNS-Queries?" id="What-are-the-Types-of-DNS-Queries?" id="What-are-the-Types-of-DNS-Queries?">What are the Types of DNS Queries?</h2>In a typical DNS lookup three types of queries occur. By using a combination of these queries, an optimized process for DNS resolution can result in a reduction of distance traveled.<ol><li>Recursive Query: In a recursive query, the DNS client requires the DNS server to respond with either the requested resource record or an error message if the DNS server cannot find the record. If the DNS server does not have the information in its cache, it will query other DNS servers on behalf of the client until it finds the information or confirms that the information does not exist.</li><li>Iterative Query: In an iterative query, the DNS client allows the DNS server to return the best answer it can give based on its current cache. If the queried DNS server does not have the exact match, it will return a referral to other DNS servers. The client then queries these other servers.</li><li>Non-Recursive Query: Non-recursive queries are typically used by DNS servers to communicate with each other. The DNS client (usually another DNS server) will ask the server for a record and the server will respond with the record or say it does not have it. Unlike recursive queries, the server will not go out of its way to find the record.</li></ol><h2 id="Why-is-the-DNS-Server-not-Responding?" id="Why-is-the-DNS-Server-not-Responding?" id="Why-is-the-DNS-Server-not-Responding?" id="Why-is-the-DNS-Server-not-Responding?">Why is the DNS Server not Responding?</h2>You may get a message that says "DNS server isn't responding" after entering a domain name in the URL bar of your browser.&nbsp;This means there was an attempt to communicate with the DNS server, but the server failed to return a result. Here are a few possible causes:<ol><li>Network Issues: The most common reason is network connectivity issues. This could be due to problems with your Internet Service Provider (ISP), your local network, or your personal device's connection.</li><li>Server Downtime: The DNS server itself might be temporarily down or overloaded with requests. This can happen if the server is experiencing high traffic or undergoing maintenance.</li><li>Incorrect DNS Settings: If the DNS settings on your device or router are incorrect, it could prevent the DNS server from responding. This could be due to incorrect DNS addresses or other configuration errors.</li><li>DNS Cache Issues: Sometimes, the information stored in your DNS cache might be outdated or corrupt, which can cause issues.</li></ol><h2 id="What-is-DNS-Propagation?" id="What-is-DNS-Propagation?" id="What-is-DNS-Propagation?" id="What-is-DNS-Propagation?">What is DNS Propagation?</h2>DNS propagation is a crucial concept in the world of networking and the internet. It refers to the time taken for all the servers across the globe to update their records with new DNS (Domain Name System) information. When a change is made to a domain's DNS records, such as modifying the IP address of a website or migrating to a new host, this information needs to be updated on all DNS servers worldwide. This process is what we refer to as DNS propagation.The duration of DNS propagation can vary significantly, typically ranging from a few minutes to 48 hours or more. This variation is due to the different update frequencies of Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Some ISPs refresh their DNS records more frequently than others, leading to quicker updates for some users.During the propagation period, some users might still be directed to your old site or IP address until their ISP updates their DNS records. This is why you might experience some downtime or inconsistencies when you make significant changes to your DNS records.One of the key factors influencing DNS propagation time is the TTL (Time To Live) setting in your DNS records. TTL is a value that determines how long a DNS record is kept in the cache of DNS servers and user's computers. A lower TTL means the record will expire sooner, prompting servers to fetch the updated information more quickly. Therefore, if you're planning to change DNS records, you can reduce the TTL value ahead of time to potentially decrease propagation time.However, even with a low TTL, you may still encounter issues if old DNS information is stored in your local DNS cache. This is where the concept of 'flush DNS' comes into play. Flush DNS is the process of clearing out old DNS information from your local cache, forcing your computer to retrieve the latest DNS information.<h2 id="What-is-Reverse-DNS-Lookup?" id="What-is-Reverse-DNS-Lookup?" id="What-is-Reverse-DNS-Lookup?" id="What-is-Reverse-DNS-Lookup?">What is Reverse DNS Lookup?</h2>Reverse DNS lookup, also known as rDNS lookup, is a process that finds the hostname associated with a specific IP address. It's the opposite of the more common forward DNS lookup, which locates an IP address based on a hostname.In a forward DNS lookup, your computer consults a DNS server to find the IP address for a specific domain name or hostname. For instance, if you enter "www.example.com" into your web browser, your computer will perform a forward DNS lookup to find the IP address associated with that domain name.In a reverse DNS lookup, the process is flipped. Your computer starts with an IP address and uses a DNS server to find the associated hostname. This is often used for troubleshooting, verifying the authenticity of devices, and in certain security scenarios.To perform a reverse DNS lookup, you can use various online tools or command-line utilities. For example, on a Unix-based system like Linux or macOS, you can use the "dig" command with the "-x" option followed by the IP address. On Windows, you can use the "nslookup" command followed by the IP address.It's important to note that not all IP addresses will have a corresponding hostname, as not all IP owners choose to set up reverse DNS records.<h2 id="What-is-DNS-Filtering?" id="What-is-DNS-Filtering?" id="What-is-DNS-Filtering?" id="What-is-DNS-Filtering?">What is DNS Filtering?</h2>DNS filtering is a technique used to control or restrict access to certain websites or online content. It works by blocking or allowing data packets based on the domain names they are associated with.Here's how it works: When you type a URL into your web browser, your computer uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to translate that URL into an IP address that it can understand. This process is known as a DNS lookup.DNS filtering takes place during this lookup process. When a request is made to a DNS server to resolve a domain name, the DNS filter checks the request against a database of blocked or allowed websites. If the website is on the blocked list, the DNS server will return an 'error' or redirect to a different page, effectively blocking access to the website. If the website is not on the blocked list, the DNS server will resolve the domain name as usual, allowing access.DNS filtering is commonly used in businesses and schools to prevent access to inappropriate or harmful content. It can also be used to block access to known malicious websites, helping to protect users from phishing attacks and malware.<h2 id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Services" id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Services" id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Services" id="Advantages-of-Tencent-EdgeOne-DNS-Services">Advantages of Tencent EdgeOne DNS Services</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document">Tencent EdgeOne DNS services</a>, brings several advantages to the table:<ol><li>Global Coverage: EdgeOne DNS service has a globally distributed network of nodes, ensuring that users can quickly resolve to the nearest server, providing faster access speeds no matter where they are.</li><li>High Availability: EdgeOne DNS service is designed for high availability. Even if a node encounters an issue, it can automatically switch to other nodes to ensure service stability.</li><li>DDoS Protection: EdgeOne DNS service provides DDoS protection capabilities, effectively defending against large-scale DDoS attacks and protecting your website from such threats.</li><li>Intelligent Resolution: EdgeOne DNS service supports intelligent resolution. It can automatically resolve to the optimal server based on factors such as the user's geographical location and network conditions, providing a better user experience.</li><li>Ease of Use: EdgeOne DNS service provides an easy-to-use management interface. You can conveniently manage your DNS records without needing specialized technical knowledge.</li><li>Security: EdgeOne DNS service provides various security measures, including DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions), to protect your DNS records from being tampered with.</li></ol>These advantages make Tencent EdgeOne DNS service an efficient, reliable, and secure DNS solution. You are welcome to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">Contact Us</a> for more information.

What is DNS and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is DNS?

Measures and techniques to prevent DNS attacks

DNS was born in the early days of the Internet, when security threats were relatively few and DNS traffic could pass through network firewalls without hindrance. However, as the number of Internet users and networks has grown, so has the appeal of DNS among malicious actors. It has become an attack method that can be exploited to threaten network security and induce users to disclose personal information. DNS security involves all protective measures related to the DNS protocol. An effective DNS security strategy includes many overlapping defenses, including establishing redundant DNS servers, DNS filtering, and strict DNS logging.<h2 id="What-are-the-common-DNS-attacks?" id="What-are-the-common-DNS-attacks?" id="What-are-the-common-DNS-attacks?" id="What-are-the-common-DNS-attacks?" id="What-are-the-common-DNS-attacks?">What are the common DNS attacks?</h2><h3>1. DDoS attack</h3>Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack refers to an attacker remotely controlling a large number of zombie hosts through the network to send a large number of attack requests to one or more targets, blocking the network bandwidth of the target server or exhausting the system resources of the target server. Overload or crash the DNS server, causing it to be unable to respond to normal service requests, and even cause data leakage.<h3>2. DNS cache poisoning</h3>In this type of attack, attackers exploit vulnerabilities in the DNS server to take over the server. During the 'cache poisoning' process, attackers inject malicious data into the cache system of the DNS resolver, thereby redirecting users to a website specified by the attacker, where personal information or other data is often stolen.If cybercriminals successfully gain control of a DNS server, they can manipulate the information in the cache (DNS poisoning). This poisoning code is commonly found in URLs sent via spam or phishing emails. Since DNS servers can access the caches of other DNS servers, this attack method has significant propagation properties. The main risk of DNS cache poisoning is data theft.<h3>3. DNS tunnel</h3>DNS tunneling attacks begin when a user downloads malware to a computer, or when a hacker successfully exploits a vulnerability in a computer system and installs a malicious attack payload. Typically, attackers want to retain control of the device to be able to run commands or transfer data outside of that environment. To do this, an attacker would need to establish a tunnel, a method of sending commands and receiving data from a compromised system while evading detection by network perimeter security measures.DNS traffic can often pass freely through perimeter security measures such as firewalls, making it ideal for this type of exploit. In order to create a tunnel, an attacker would need to create and register a domain name, as well as configure an authoritative name server controlled by the attacker. When malware on a victim's device issues a DNS query to the attacker's server, the server responds with a DNS packet containing data and commands specific to the infected device. This allows the attacker to continuously communicate with the infected device without triggering any alerts. Additionally, an attacker could send the data encoded in the query to a malicious authoritative name server.<h3>4. DNS hijacking</h3>DNS hijacking is an attack technique that can be implemented in a variety of ways, including DNS cache hijacking, DNS server hijacking, router hijacking, and malware hijacking. Attackers redirect users' domain name resolution requests to malicious IP addresses or websites by tampering with data in the DNS resolution process. This kind of attack can cause users to be redirected to malicious websites to conduct malicious activities such as phishing, malware spreading, and information theft.<h2 id="Measures-and-techniques-to-prevent-DNS-attacks" id="Measures-and-techniques-to-prevent-DNS-attacks" id="Measures-and-techniques-to-prevent-DNS-attacks" id="Measures-and-techniques-to-prevent-DNS-attacks" id="Measures-and-techniques-to-prevent-DNS-attacks">Measures and techniques to prevent DNS attacks</h2><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>DNS resolution service provider: Choose a trustworthy DNS resolution service provider and ensure that it has good security and protection measures. These service providers usually adopt various techniques to protect the security of the DNS resolution process.</li><li>Configuring DNSSEC: <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/58235">DNSSEC</a> is a security extension protocol that ensures the integrity and authenticity of DNS responses through digital signatures and verification mechanisms, preventing DNS hijacking and cache poisoning attacks.</li><li>Detection and Logging: Implement DNS traffic monitoring and logging to promptly detect abnormal activities and attack behaviors. By monitoring and analyzing DNS traffic, potential signs of attack can be discovered, and corresponding defensive measures can be taken.</li><li>Regularly Check and Update Router and Device Firmware: Regularly check and update the firmware of routers and devices to ensure their security and the latest protective features.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Use Firewalls and Security Software: Configure firewalls and security software to detect and block malicious DNS requests and responses, preventing malware hijacking and DNS hijacking.</li><li>Pay Attention to Security Awareness and Education: Enhance users' security awareness to avoid clicking on suspicious links and downloading files from unknown sources. Regularly update and scan computers to detect malware.</li></ul><h2 id="How-EdgeOne-Can-Help?" id="How-EdgeOne-Can-Help?" id="How-EdgeOne-Can-Help?" id="How-EdgeOne-Can-Help?" id="How-EdgeOne-Can-Help?">How EdgeOne Can Help?</h2><h3>1. DDoS Protection</h3>EdgeOne provides and enables L3/L4 traffic-based <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">DDoS&nbsp;attack&nbsp;protection</a> for all connected services. It monitors network traffic in real time and immediately performs traffic cleaning and filtering when a DDoS attack is identified. The DDoS protection feature offers preset protection strategies based on attack profiling, behavior pattern analysis, AI intelligent recognition, and other protection algorithms. It can identify and filter the following types of DDoS attacks:<figure class="table" style="width:97.91%;"><table class="ck-table-resized"><colgroup><col style="width:28.31%;"><col style="width:71.69%;"></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Protection Category</th><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Malformed Packet Filtering</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Filters frag flood, smurf, stream flood, land flood attacks, and filters malformed IP, TCP, UDP packets.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Network Layer DDoS Attack Protection</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Filters UDP Flood, SYN Flood, TCP Flood, ICMP Flood, ACK Flood, FIN Flood, RST Flood, DNS/NTP/SSDP and other reflection attacks, null connections.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">DNS DDoS Attacks</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">DNS DDoS attacks mainly include DNS Request Flood, DNS Response Flood, Fake Source + Real Source DNS Query Flood, authoritative server attacks, and Local server attacks.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Connection-based DDoS Attacks</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Connection-based DDoS attacks mainly refer to TCP slow connection attacks, connection exhaustion attacks, Loic, Hoic, Slowloris, Pyloris, Xoic and other slow attacks.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure><h3>2. Configure DNSSEC</h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/58235">Domain&nbsp;Name&nbsp;System&nbsp;Security&nbsp;Extensions&nbsp;(DNSSEC)</a> can effectively prevent DNS spoofing and cache poisoning attacks. By adopting digital signatures, it can ensure the authenticity and integrity of DNS response messages, thereby preventing users from being redirected to unexpected addresses. This in turn enhances user trust in the internet while protecting your core business. If you want to improve the security of site resolution to prevent hijacking and tampering, it is recommended to activate this configuration.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/d919d39a-603c-4a18-894a-6f403f7c5048.png" alt="setDNSSEC.png"><h3>3. Traffic Monitoring</h3>EdgeOne Service provides multi-dimensional, visualized <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54449">traffic&nbsp;analysis</a> by analyzing L7 (application layer) access log data, including time trend curves of traffic, requests and other indicators, as well as country/region distribution and TOP rankings.<img class="image_resized" style="width:97.88%;" src="https://edgeone.ai/media/7670957c-af75-4d86-8c5c-b5883e0415e5.png" alt="traffic analysis"><h2 id="Summary" id="Summary" id="Summary" id="Summary" id="Summary">Summary</h2>With <a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/edgeone">EdgeOne</a>, you can identify which sites pose a threat and block all requests from these sites. You can also use EdgeOne as an auxiliary DNS server, as mentioned above. This sets up a wall between your main DNS server and potential attackers. By hiding your main DNS server behind EdgeOne, it protects your organization from attackers and various types of malware. &nbsp;

What is DNS Security and How to Protect? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is DNS Security?

What Security Protections does Tencent EdgeOne Provide?

Cyber security, also known as information technology security, focuses on protecting computers, networks, programs, and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change, or destruction. It is a comprehensive approach to protecting digital assets from various threats, including hackers, viruses, and other forms of malware, as well as natural disasters, human error, and other potential risks.The main goals of cyber security include:<ol><li>Protecting against unauthorized access and use of sensitive data and systems.</li><li>Ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical information and infrastructure.</li><li>Detecting and responding to security incidents on time to minimize damage.</li><li>Complying with relevant laws, regulations, and industry standards.</li></ol><h2 id="What-are-the-Types-of-Cybersecurity?">What are the Types of Cybersecurity?</h2>Cybersecurity aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information while maintaining the privacy and security of individuals and organizations. There are several types of cybersecurity, which include:<ol><li>Network Security: This type of cybersecurity protects a computer network from intruders, whether targeted attackers or opportunistic malware.</li><li>Application Security: This involves securing software and services from threats. This includes the design, development, deployment, and maintenance of secure software applications to prevent different threats such as denial of service attacks, data breaches, etc.</li><li>Information Security: This protects the integrity and privacy of data, both in storage and in transit.</li><li>Operational Security: This involves the processes and decisions for handling and protecting data assets.</li><li>Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity Planning: This involves how an organization responds to a cybersecurity incident or any other event that causes the loss of operations or data.</li><li>End-user Education: Users might be tricked into allowing unauthorized access to the network they are using. Therefore, user education involves teaching users to follow best practices like not clicking on unknown links.</li><li>Cloud Security: This involves protecting cloud-based data and applications. It's a significant concern for many companies due to the rapid growth in cloud usage.</li><li>Mobile Security: This involves protecting both personal and business information stored on and transmitted from smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other mobile devices.</li><li>IoT Security: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices that connect to the internet. IoT Security is the technology for protecting internet-enabled devices that connect to each other in this way.</li></ol><h2 id="What-are-Common-Cyber-Threats?">What are Common Cyber Threats?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/web-attack">Cyber threats</a> encompass a wide array of attack vectors. Common cyber threats include:<ol><li>Malware: Malicious software, such as viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware, is designed to infiltrate, damage, or disrupt computer systems, networks, or devices.</li><li>Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an <a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/email-security">email</a> or other electronic communication.</li><li>Social Engineering: Manipulating people into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security. This can include tactics like pretexting, baiting, and tailgating.</li><li>Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks: An attacker intercepts communication between two parties, altering or eavesdropping on the data being exchanged without their knowledge.</li><li>Distributed Denial of Service (<a href="https://edgeone.ai/learning/detail/ddos">DDoS</a>) attacks: Overwhelming a targeted system, network, or website with a flood of internet traffic, causing it to crash or become unavailable for legitimate users.</li><li>Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts a victim's files or locks their computer, demanding payment (usually in cryptocurrency) to restore access to the data or system.</li><li>SQL Injection: An attack that targets a website's database by inserting malicious SQL code, potentially allowing the attacker to view, modify, or delete sensitive information.</li><li>Zero-day exploits: Attacks that exploit previously unknown vulnerabilities in software or hardware, allowing hackers to infiltrate systems before developers can release a patch or fix.</li><li>Insider threats: Security breaches caused by employees, contractors, or other individuals with authorized access to an organization's systems or data, either intentionally or unintentionally.</li><li>Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs): Highly targeted and sophisticated cyberattacks, often state-sponsored, that aim to infiltrate and remain undetected within an organization's network for an extended period, stealing sensitive information or causing damage.</li></ol><h2 id="Methods-to-Prevent-Cybersecurity-Threats">Methods to Prevent Cybersecurity Threats</h2>Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, devices, and data from unauthorized access, theft, damage, or disruption. It involves implementing various technologies, processes, and practices to safeguard digital information and infrastructure from cyberattacks, hackers, and other malicious activities. There are several technology methods and tools that can help prevent cybersecurity threats:<ol><li>Antivirus and anti-malware software: These tools scan your devices for known malware, including viruses, worms, Trojans, and ransomware, and remove them to prevent damage or unauthorized access.</li><li>Firewall: Hardware or software firewalls monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic, blocking suspicious or unauthorized connections based on predefined security rules.</li><li>Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS): These systems monitor network traffic for signs of malicious activity and can automatically block or alert administrators to potential threats.</li><li>Encryption: Encrypting data, both at rest and in transit, helps protect sensitive information from being intercepted or accessed by unauthorized parties.</li><li>Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs create a secure, encrypted connection between your device and the internet, helping protect your data from eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.</li><li>Multi-factor Authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide at least two forms of identification before accessing an account, making it more difficult for attackers to gain unauthorized access.</li><li>Patch management: Regularly updating software and hardware with the latest security patches helps protect against known vulnerabilities that attackers may exploit.</li><li>Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems: SIEM tools collect and analyze security-related data from various sources, helping organizations detect and respond to potential threats more effectively.</li><li>Data Loss Prevention (DLP) tools: DLP solutions monitor and control the movement of sensitive data within an organization, helping prevent unauthorized access or accidental data leaks.</li><li>Network segmentation: Dividing a network into smaller, separate segments can limit the damage caused by a successful cyberattack and make it more difficult for attackers to move laterally within the network.</li><li>Endpoint protection: Endpoint security tools protect devices like computers, smartphones, and tablets from malware, unauthorized access, and other threats.</li><li>Regular vulnerability scanning and penetration testing: These proactive measures help identify and address potential security vulnerabilities in your systems and networks before they can be exploited by attackers.</li></ol>By implementing these technology methods and integrating them with strong security policies and employee training, organizations can significantly reduce their risk of experiencing cybersecurity threats.<h2 id="What-Security-Protections-does-Tencent-EdgeOne-Provide?">What Security Protections does Tencent EdgeOne Provide?</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/"><span style="color:rgb(30,111,255);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;">Tencent EdgeOne</a><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:Oxygen, &quot;pingfang SC&quot;, &quot;hiragino sans gb&quot;, &quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&quot;, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, sans-serif, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, arial, &quot;microsoft yahei ui&quot;, DIN, &quot;microsoft yahei&quot;, &quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;;"> is a next-generation Edge Services provider that delivers unparalleled speed, dependable protection, and an extremely flexible programmable platform for your global services, regardless of scale. Tencent EdgeOne protects your websites, apps, and APIs by intelligent identification to block various attacks, mitigates DDoS threats, and employs AI and bot policy engines to analyze web, bot, and CC attacks.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">1. DDoS Protection(DDoS protection at the network layer)</h3>A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack refers to an attacker remotely controlling a large number of zombie hosts through the network to send a large number of attack requests to one or more targets, blocking the target server's network bandwidth or exhausting the target server's system resources, making it unable to respond to normal service requests.<a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">DDoS protection</a> can effectively ensure availability and continuity, monitoring network traffic in real-time, and immediately cleaning up traffic-based DDoS attacks when detected.<h3 style="margin-left:0px;">2. Web Protection</h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/55934">Web Protection</a> can control and mitigate various risks, with typical scenarios including:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Vulnerability attack protection: For sites involving customer data or sensitive business data, you can enable managed rules to intercept injection attacks, cross-site scripting attacks, remote code execution attacks, and malicious attack requests from third-party component vulnerabilities.</li><li>Access control: Distinguish between valid and unauthorized requests to prevent sensitive business exposure to unauthorized visitors. This includes external site link control, partner access control, and attack client filtering.</li><li>Mitigating resource occupation: Limit the access frequency of each visitor to avoid excessive resource occupation, which may cause service availability decline.</li><li>Mitigating service abuse: Limit session or business dimension abuse, including batch registration, batch login, excessive use of API, and other malicious usage scenarios. Strengthen the usage quota of a single session (such as users, instances, etc.) to ensure that users use service resources within a reasonable limit.</li></ul><h3 style="margin-left:0px;">3. Bot Management</h3><a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56969">Bot management</a> is a service that maintains the quality of your website traffic. Among your website visitors, there may be a portion of visits that are not initiated by real users, but by automated programs, which we usually call bots. Although some bots (e.g., search engine crawlers) are beneficial to the website, they may also cause the following issues:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>Abnormal website traffic or performance degradation: A large amount of bot traffic may consume a lot of server resources, affecting the access experience of real users. In this case, bot management helps to identify and control these bots, optimizing website performance and improving user experience.</li><li>Abnormal data statistics: This may be caused by bots simulating user behavior. Bot management can more accurately distinguish between real user and bot behavior, allowing you to obtain more realistic data.</li><li>Website content or user information leakage or abuse: Bots may try to crawl and copy website content or obtain user personal information. Bot management can effectively block unauthorized access, protecting the security of website content and user information.</li></ul>EdgeOne provides many of the security services listed above, including <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56398">DDoS Protection,</a> <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/55934">Web Protection</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56969">Bot management</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/56390">Rules Template</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/57246">IP and IP Segment Grouping</a>, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/48535">Origin Protection</a>, Custom Response Page, <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/47822">Alarm Notification</a>, and more.

What is Cybersecurity and How to Protect? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is Cyber Security?

What is the access sequence of common DNS records?

DNS records are data stored on DNS servers that define how to resolve human-readable domain names (such as www.example.com) into machine-readable IP addresses (like 192.0.2.1). This resolution process is a critical part of the normal functioning of the internet, as it allows us to access websites by entering easy-to-remember web addresses, rather than needing to remember complex IP addresses.<h2 id="Why-add-DNS-Records?" id="Why-add-DNS-Records?">Why add DNS Records?</h2><ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>User-Friendly - People typically find it easier to remember domain names like www.example.com, rather than IP addresses like 192.0.2.1. DNS records allow us to access websites using easy-to-remember domain names, rather than needing to remember complex IP addresses.</li><li>Flexibility - If a website's IP address needs to change (for example, if the website moves to a new server), only the DNS record needs to be updated, not the domain name. This means users can continue to access the website using the same domain name, without needing to know the new IP address.</li><li>Load Balancing and Redundancy - By using multiple A records, DNS can distribute traffic across multiple servers, thereby improving website availability and performance. If one server fails, DNS can automatically redirect users to other functioning servers.</li><li>Security - Certain types of DNS records (such as CAA records and DNSSEC-related records) can enhance the security of a website, preventing cyber attacks and fraud.</li></ul><h2 id="What-is-the-access-sequence-of-common-DNS-records?" id="What-is-the-access-sequence-of-common-DNS-records?">What is the access sequence of common DNS records?</h2>The access order of DNS records refers to the sequence in which various DNS record types are looked up during the domain name resolution process. Here are the detailed steps of the DNS record access order:<ul style="list-style-type:disc;"><li>User enters domain name: First, the user enters a domain name (e.g., www.example.com) in the browser.</li><li>Query NS records: The DNS resolution process needs to find the authoritative DNS server responsible for managing the target domain. This can be achieved by querying the NS (Name Server) records on the root DNS server, top-level domain server, and authoritative DNS server.</li><li>Query CNAME records: If the target domain is an alias (for example, mapping www.example.com to example.com), the CNAME (Canonical Name) record needs to be queried. After finding the CNAME record, the actual target domain's A or AAAA record needs to be queried.</li><li>Query A or AAAA records: After finding the actual target domain, the A (IPv4 address) record or AAAA (IPv6 address) record needs to be queried. The result of the query is the IP address of the target website.</li><li>Query MX records: If the target is to send an email, the MX (Mail Exchange) record needs to be queried. The MX record specifies the server responsible for handling email. After obtaining the MX record, the A or AAAA record of the mail server also needs to be queried to get its IP address.</li><li>Query TXT records: In some cases, the TXT (Text) records may also need to be queried, such as for domain ownership verification, SPF (Sender Policy Framework) records, etc.</li><li>Query PTR records: When performing a reverse DNS lookup (mapping an IP address back to a domain name), the PTR (Pointer) record needs to be queried.</li></ul>It is important to note that the access order of DNS records depends on the specific query requirements. Different types of requests may involve different types of DNS records. For example, accessing a website mainly involves A, AAAA, and CNAME records, while sending an email involves MX records.<h2 id="Other-Types-of-DNS-Records" id="Other-Types-of-DNS-Records">Other Types of DNS Records</h2><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;, &quot;Clear Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, sans-serif;">Here are some of the less common DNS record types and their uses:<figure class="table" style="width:99.27%;"><table class="ck-table-resized"><colgroup><col style="width:29.38%;"><col style="width:70.62%;"></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Record Type</th><th style="border-bottom:0px none currentcolor;border-left:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-right:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);border-top:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">SOA</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Start of Authority" record, contains information about the DNS zone, such as the primary DNS server and the contact information of the administrator.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">PTR</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Pointer" record, used for reverse DNS lookups, mapping IP addresses back to domain names.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">HINFO</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Host Information" record, contains information about the host's hardware and operating system.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">RP</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Responsible Person" record, contains information about the domain administrator.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">AFSDB</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Andrew File System Database" record, used for the database servers of the Andrew File System (AFS).</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">X25</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">X.25 record, used to map domain names to X.25 addresses (an early packet-switching network protocol).</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">ISDN</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Integrated Services Digital Network" record, used to map domain names to ISDN addresses.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">RT</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Route Through" record, used for routing to another network.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">NSAP</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Network Service Access Point" record, used to map domain names to NSAP addresses (an address of the OSI network protocol).</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">DNAME</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Delegation Name" record, used to redirect a domain name and all its subdomains to another domain name.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">LOC</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Location" record, contains information about the geographical location of the host.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">NAPTR</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Naming Authority Pointer" record, used for dynamic redirection and protocols such as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol).</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">CERT</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Certificate" record, used to store PGP, PKIX, or SPKI certificates.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">DHCID</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"DHCP Identifier" record, used for DHCP servers.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">SPF</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"Sender Policy Framework" record, used to prevent email fraud.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">SSHFP</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"SSH Public Key Fingerprint" record, used for SSH connections.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">IPSECKEY</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">"IPsec Key" record, used for IPsec VPN connections.</td></tr><tr><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, DS</td><td style="border:1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229);padding:6px 13px;">These records are used for DNSSEC, a protocol that enhances DNS security.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>&nbsp;<h2 id="EdgeOne-Domain-Name-Resolution" id="EdgeOne-Domain-Name-Resolution">EdgeOne Domain Name Resolution</h2><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;, &quot;Clear Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, sans-serif;">Although businesses may have the option to manage DNS themselves, choosing a professional DNS service provider like EdgeOne can bring a higher level of reliability, performance, and security, while significantly reducing management pressure. EdgeOne provides a comprehensive <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/54764">domain name resolution service</a><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;, &quot;Clear Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, &quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;, sans-serif;">, including modifying DNS servers, bulk importing DNS record configurations, and individually configuring records through page operations. For example, as shown in the figure below, you only need to click the "Add record" button, fill in the record type and configuration content you want to add, and it will take effect immediately after saving. This simple and direct operation method makes DNS management much more relaxed and convenient.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/52952435-a744-4960-98bd-3242891d6d97.png" alt="配置DNS记录.png">At the same time, EdgeOne also has the capability of <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/58235">DNS Security Extensions(DNSSEC</a>). Enabling DNSSEC can effectively prevent attacks such as DNS spoofing and cache poisoning. It ensures the authenticity and integrity of DNS response messages through digital signatures, protecting users from being redirected to unexpected addresses, thereby enhancing user trust in the Internet and protecting your core business. If you wish to enhance the security of your site's resolution to prevent hijacking and tampering, it is recommended to enable this configuration.<img src="https://edgeone.ai/media/d919a6fc-09a0-4caf-aa78-b8b3ba1086fa.png" alt="DNSSEC.png">&nbsp;<h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/products/edgeone">Tencent&nbsp;EdgeOne</a> is a globally distributed Application Delivery Network (ADN), supported by Tencent's extensive infrastructure. It accelerates the delivery of global enterprise applications through intelligent DNS routing, global load balancing, and a user-friendly DNS management interface. If you have any questions or need assistance, our support team is always ready to help. Please feel free to <a href="https://edgeone.ai/contact">contact&nbsp;us</a>.

What is a DNS Record and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What are DNS Records?

WebSocket is a protocol for real-time communication that enables bidirectional communication between clients and servers, suitable for applications requiring low latency and high-frequency data updates.<h2 id="How-does-WebSocket-Work?" id="How-does-WebSocket-Work?" id="How-does-WebSocket-Work?" id="How-does-WebSocket-Work?">How does WebSocket Work?</h2>WebSocket is a protocol for full-duplex communication over a single TCP connection. It establishes a persistent connection between the client and server, allowing bidirectional real-time communication. WebSocket initiates a handshake using the HTTP protocol and then upgrades to a WebSocket connection, enabling both parties to send data directly. This persistent connection reduces communication overhead and enables the server to push data to the client actively, eliminating the need for frequent client-initiated requests.<h2 id="WebSocket-vs-HTTP" id="WebSocket-vs-HTTP" id="WebSocket-vs-HTTP" id="WebSocket-vs-HTTP">WebSocket vs HTTP</h2><ol><li>Reduced overhead: WebSocket requires less overhead compared to traditional HTTP connections, as it eliminates the need to repeatedly establish and tear down connections for each communication, reducing latency and conserving network resources.</li><li>Bi-directional communication: WebSocket allows for simultaneous two-way communication between the client and server, which is particularly useful for real-time applications, enabling quicker data transfer and response times.</li><li>Efficient data exchange: WebSocket supports binary data transfer, allowing for more efficient and compact data exchange, which is beneficial for multimedia streaming, gaming, and other applications requiring high-speed data transmission.</li><li>Lower latency: By maintaining a persistent connection, WebSocket reduces the latency associated with establishing new connections for each data exchange, resulting in faster and more responsive communication.</li><li>Server push capabilities: WebSocket enables servers to push data to clients without the need for clients to continuously poll the server for updates, leading to more efficient use of network resources and reducing unnecessary data transfer.</li></ol>Overall, WebSocket's efficient use of network resources, reduced latency, and support for real-time, bi-directional communication make it a valuable tool for network optimization in various web-based applications.<h2 id="Why-use-WebSocket?" id="Why-use-WebSocket?" id="Why-use-WebSocket?" id="Why-use-WebSocket?">Why use WebSocket?</h2>WebSocket is used for real-time applications and services where low-latency, high-frequency data updates are required. It's especially useful for applications like real-time chat, online gaming, live sports updates, financial trading platforms, collaborative editing tools, and more. WebSocket enables faster and more efficient bi-directional communication between clients and servers compared to traditional HTTP, making it particularly well-suited for these types of use cases.<h2 id="WebSocket-Server-(Node.js-+-ws)" id="WebSocket-Server-(Node.js-+-ws)" id="WebSocket-Server-(Node.js-+-ws)" id="WebSocket-Server-(Node.js-+-ws)">WebSocket Server (Node.js + ws)</h2><pre><code class="language-javascript">const WebSocket = require('ws');
 
const wsk = new WebSocket.Server({ port: 8080 });
 
wsk.on('connection', ws =&gt; {
 ws.on('message', message =&gt; {
 console.log('Message received from client: %s', message);
 
 // Reply to client message 
 ws.send(`I am the server, and the message I received from you is: ${message}`); 
 }); 
 
 ws.on('close', () =&gt; { 
 console.log('Client has disconnected'); 
 }); </code></pre><h2 id="Client-(JavaScript)" id="Client-(JavaScript)" id="Client-(JavaScript)" id="Client-(JavaScript)">Client (JavaScript)</h2><pre><code class="language-javascript">// Create WebSocket connection 
var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8080"); 
 
// What to do when a connection is opened 
socket.onopen = function(event) { 
 console.log("Connection is open"); 
 // Send an initialization message
 socket.send("I am the client and connected!"); 
}; 
 
// What to do when receiving server data 
socket.onmessage = function(event) { 
 console.log("The data received from the server is: " + event.data); 
}; 
 
// What to do when a connection is closed 
socket.onclose = function(event) { 
 console.log("connection closed"); 
}; 
 
// How to handle connection errors 
socket.onerror = function(error) { 
 console.log("An error occurred: " + error); 
}</code></pre>In addition to using WebSocket in JavaScript for front-end development, we can also use WebSocket in programming language platforms such as Java, C++, Go, Python, PHP, and Rust.<h2 id="A-Websocket-Request-Case" id="A-Websocket-Request-Case" id="A-Websocket-Request-Case" id="A-Websocket-Request-Case">A Websocket Request Case</h2>Here's an example of a typical WebSocket handshake request:<pre><code class="language-plaintext">GET /chat HTTP/1.1 // a GET request to the /chat endpoint.
Host: example.com:8000 // the domain and port of the WebSocket server.
Upgrade: websocket // the protocol that the client wishes to upgrade to.
Connection: Upgrade // tells the server that the client wishes to establish a new connection rather than use an existing one.
Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ== // a base64 encoded random value which server decode, hash it, and then send it back to prove that the server received the request.
Origin: http://example.com // the origin of the client request.
Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat, superchat //specifies sub-protocols, if any used by the application creating the connection.
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13 // the WebSocket protocol version the client wishes to use.</code></pre>In response to the handshake request, the server will return the following:<pre><code class="language-plaintext">HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols // indicates that the protocol is being switched, as requested.
Upgrade: websocket
Connection: Upgrade
Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo= // is a hash of the Sec-WebSocket-Key that was sent in the initial handshake, combined with a specific GUID. The client can use this to verify the server received the handshake</code></pre><h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">EdgeOne</a> supports the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46971">WebSocket protocol</a> that allows the server to send data to the client proactively. WebSocket provides a two-way communication channel over a single TCP connection allowing real-time data exchange. This is particularly beneficial for applications that need real-time interaction, such as interactive games, live chats, collaborative documents, etc.

What is WebSocket and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is a WebSocket?

IPv6 vs IPv4 (Differences between IPv6 and IPv4)

Should I Enable or Disable IPv6 Protocol?

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is one of the latest versions of the Internet Protocol (IP), designed to replace <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791">IPv4</a>. It provides a larger address space (128-bit addresses, as opposed to the smaller 32-bit addresses in IPv4), improves security and configuration features, and supports a greater number of devices and more efficient routing. The deployment of IPv6 helps address the issue of IPv4 address exhaustion and supports the growth and development of the future Internet.<h2 id="IPv6-Address" id="IPv6-Address">IPv6 Address</h2>An IPv6 address consists of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits (each group is called a block) separated by colons, for example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. IPv6 addresses can also use a double colon (::) to represent a series of consecutive zeros, for example: 2001:0db8::7334.<h2 id="IPv6-vs-IPv4-(Differences-between-IPv6-and-IPv4)" id="IPv6-vs-IPv4-(Differences-between-IPv6-and-IPv4)" style="margin-left:0px;">IPv6 vs IPv4 (Differences between IPv6 and IPv4)</h2><ol><li>Larger address space: IPv6 provides a vastly expanded address space compared to IPv4, allowing for more efficient addressing of devices and networks.</li><li>Improved security: IPv6 includes built-in security features, such as IPsec, which enhances data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity.</li><li>Enhanced auto-configuration: IPv6 enables easier and more efficient network configuration through stateless address auto-configuration, simplifying the deployment and management of devices.</li><li>Better support for mobile devices: IPv6 offers improved support for mobile networks and devices, allowing for seamless connectivity and mobility.</li><li>Improved multicast performance: IPv6 includes native support for multicast communication, enabling more efficient distribution of data to multiple recipients.</li><li>Reduced broadcast traffic: IPv6 reduces the reliance on broadcast traffic, leading to more efficient network operation.</li></ol><h2 id="Should-I-Enable-or-Disable-IPv6-Protocol?" id="Should-I-Enable-or-Disable-IPv6-Protocol?">Should I Enable or Disable IPv6 Protocol?</h2><h3>Enable IPv6</h3><ol><li>Faster Downloads: Having a public IP allows for faster P2P downloads, enabling quicker discovery of other nodes, accessing more download data, achieving faster download speeds, and reducing the likelihood of interruptions in downloads.</li><li>Interconnectivity: Due to the scarcity of IPv4 addresses, home networks are typically assigned private or dynamic public IP addresses, making it impossible to access their own websites directly via domain names from the outside. Communication between networks relies on public IP addresses, and the unlimited addresses of IPv6 will provide a better interconnectivity experience.</li><li>Enhanced Security: IPv6 is built on a foundation of security, authenticating at the network layer, encrypting data, and verifying IP packets, ensuring end-to-end data security for users and preventing data hijacking.</li><li>Future Development: As more services and infrastructure transition to IPv6, the future of networking will increasingly rely on this technology.</li></ol><h3>Disable IPv6</h3><ol><li>Personal Network Environment: If the current network environment does not support IPv6 or if most services are not optimized for IPv6, enabling IPv6 may result in slow webpage loading or the inability to open applications properly.</li><li>Limited Device Support: Although IPv4 and IPv6 coexist, not all devices and networks support IPv6. Additionally, some regional ISPs do not allocate IPv6 addresses to individual users.</li><li>No Need for IPv6: If you already have a public IPv4 address that meets remote access or other requirements, or if you only use the network for watching online videos, daily chatting, or playing online games, IPv4 is sufficient for your needs.</li></ol><h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">EdgeOne </a>also supports the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/49503">IPv6 protocol</a>. With the proliferation of internet-enabled devices, the older IPv4 addresses are being exhausted, making IPv6 support imperative. By supporting the IPv6 protocol, EdgeOne ensures that its architecture is future-ready.

What is IPv6 and How it Works? - Tencent EdgeOne

What is IPv6?

HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP 2.0) is the second version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used for the World Wide Web. It is primarily based on the SPDY protocol, implementing measures such as data compression of HTTP header fields, multiplexing of data transmission, and server push to reduce network latency and enhance client page load speed. HTTP/2 does not change the application semantics of HTTP, still utilizing HTTP request methods, status codes, and header fields. It primarily modifies the message transmission format of HTTP, enhancing performance through the introduction of binary framing.<h2 id="What-problems-does-HTTP/2-solve?" id="What-problems-does-HTTP/2-solve?" id="What-problems-does-HTTP/2-solve?" id="What-problems-does-HTTP/2-solve?">What problems does HTTP/2 solve?</h2>HTTP is the most widely used internet application protocol. The early versions of the HTTP protocol were simple: HTTP/0.9 started the World Wide Web with only one line of protocol; <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1945.txt">HTTP/1.0</a> was an official specification that extended the popular HTTP/0.9; it wasn't until HTTP/1.1 that the <a href="https://www.ietf.org/">IETF</a> published the first official standard. In the early stages, simplicity came at the cost of application performance: HTTP/1.1 required clients to use multiple connections to achieve concurrency and reduce latency; HTTP/1.1 did not compress request and response header fields, leading to unnecessary network traffic; HTTP/1.1 did not support effective resource prioritization, resulting in low utilization of underlying TCP connections, and so on.As network applications have become integral to people's daily lives, their scope, complexity, and importance have continued to expand. To address issues with the HTTP protocol, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9113">HTTP/2</a> was introduced. HTTP/2 did not change the application semantics of HTTP, continuing to use HTTP's request methods, status codes, and header fields. It primarily modified the message transmission format of HTTP, reducing network latency and improving client page load speeds through measures such as introducing server push.<h2 id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/1.1" id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/1.1" id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/1.1" id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/1.1">HTTP/2 vs HTTP/1.1</h2>HTTP/2 and HTTP/1.1 are two different versions of HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) used for transmitting web pages and other resources over the network. There are several key differences between them:<ol><li>Binary protocol: HTTP/2 uses a binary protocol, while HTTP/1.1 uses a text-based protocol. Binary protocols are easier to parse, more efficient, and less error-prone.</li><li>Multiplexing: HTTP/2 supports multiplexing, which means that multiple requests and responses can be sent and received simultaneously over a single TCP connection. This reduces latency and improves resource utilization. In contrast, HTTP/1.1 uses multiple TCP connections to achieve similar functionality, but with less efficiency.</li><li>Header compression: HTTP/2 employs the HPACK compression algorithm to compress HTTP header information, reducing the size of transmitted data. This helps improve performance, especially in low-bandwidth environments. HTTP/1.1 does not support header compression.</li><li>Server push: HTTP/2 supports server push, allowing the server to proactively send resources before the client requests them. This helps reduce round-trip times and improve performance. HTTP/1.1 does not support this feature.</li><li>Stream prioritization: HTTP/2 allows for the prioritization of different requests so that more important resources can be transmitted faster. HTTP/1.1 does not have this capability.</li></ol>HTTP/2 offers significant improvements in performance, efficiency, and functionality compared to HTTP/1.1, making it a better choice for modern web applications. However, some older clients and servers may still only support HTTP/1.1. In practice, it's best to ensure that your server supports both protocols for forward compatibility and maximum performance benefits.<h2 id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/3" id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/3" id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/3" id="HTTP/2-vs-HTTP/3">HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3</h2><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">HTTP/3</a>, also referred to as QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections), represents the most recent version of HTTP and offers numerous benefits compared to HTTP/2:<ol><li>Reduced latency: HTTP/3 uses QUIC, which operates over UDP instead of TCP, reducing connection establishment times and overall latency.</li><li>Improved congestion control: QUIC includes improved congestion control mechanisms, which can lead to better performance, especially in situations with packet loss or high latency.</li><li>Multiplexing: HTTP/3 allows for more efficient multiplexing, enabling multiple streams to be sent over a single connection without head-of-line blocking issues.</li><li>Security: QUIC includes built-in encryption, providing security at the transport layer, which is an improvement over the optional use of TLS with HTTP/2.</li><li>Better error correction: QUIC includes improved error correction mechanisms, which can help mitigate the impact of packet loss and retransmissions.</li></ol>These advantages make HTTP/3 a compelling option for improving web performance and security over its predecessor, HTTP/2.<h2 id="curl-HTTP/2" id="curl-HTTP/2" id="curl-HTTP/2" id="curl-HTTP/2">curl HTTP/2</h2>you can use the curl command to make HTTP/2 requests. To do this, you need to ensure that your version of curl supports HTTP/2. You can check this by running:<pre><code class="language-plaintext">curl --version</code></pre>and looking for HTTP2 in the features list. If your version supports HTTP/2, you can use the&nbsp;<pre><code class="language-plaintext">-http2</code></pre>&nbsp;flag to enable HTTP/2, like this:<pre><code class="language-plaintext">curl -v --http2 https://example.com</code></pre><h2 id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><a href="https://edgeone.ai/">Tencent Cloud's EdgeOne Service</a> provides extensive support for modern protocols like HTTP/2, HTTP/3. Here is a breakdown of how each is supported:<ol><li>EdgeOne supports the <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/46171">HTTP/2 protocol</a>, which brings a significant performance boost compared to the previous HTTP/1.x protocols. As mentioned earlier, this includes benefits from binary framing, multiplexing, server push, header compression, and stream prioritization. The end result is improved site speed and reliability, especially for complex, resource-intensive websites.</li><li>EdgeOne supports <a href="https://edgeone.ai/document/55930">HTTP/3 (QUIC</a>) requests which are used to further accelerate site requests and improve data transfer efficiency and security. HTTP/3 uses QUIC instead of TCP as a transport protocol, which helps reduce round-trip time and speed up the delivery of the web content.</li></ol>

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